Microscopic study of the intermediate mixed state in intertype superconductors

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander V. Kalashnikov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin and
• Alexei Vagov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 57–62, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.5

• entire temperature range 0 < T < Tc. Our results demonstrate the key features of IT superconductivity, namely, nonmonotonic vortex interactions and formation of vortex clusters. Using results of the calculations, we construct a “temperature–coupling” phase diagram that delineates distinct superconducting

• energy. Deviations from the ℬ point lift this degeneracy, creating a finite IT domain in the (κ, T) phase diagram [17][23][24]. Within this domain, the system supports a variety of states with close energies that feature nonuniform flux distributions and complex vortex arrangements. Based on the

• increases, shrinking to a single point at Tc. Based on these findings, we construct a phase diagram of the IT regime, which appears qualitatively consistent with that obtained earlier from perturbation theory for the conventional BCS model with a spherical Fermi surface. Results and Discussion Model and

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• surface (normal N part) and ds1(ds2) is the width of S1 (S2) region. It is important to emphasize that, although the geometry of the considered device corresponds to a Josephson junction, in this work we consider zero macroscopic phase difference between regions S1 and S2, so that the Josephson

• supercurrent due to the phase shift is absent. The anomalous ground state phase shift ϕ0 is also absent since we assume the exchange field component hy = 0. In contrast, the hx component is considered to be finite in the system and defined as follows: As we stated above, we assume the phase gradient q to be

• the same in the whole system. Obviously, this is not the case if L ≫ ξ because, in this case, the Josephson coupling between the S1 and S2 leads is absent, and they do not “feel” each other. In each lead, a distinct phase gradient q1,2 = −2hi/α is established to satisfy the zero spontaneous current

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• pushed NPs, leaving holes with a depth of up to 7 nm in the Si surface. The origin of these holes still needs to be clarified, but formation during NP impact (at high substrate voltages) due to plastic deformation/tilting, formation of the Cu3Si intermetallic phase [42], and/or fracturing of the NP

• intermetallic phase, both leading to interface strengthening. Future research on local interface formation between substrates and NPs with different kinetic energies would be necessary to establish a comprehensive understanding of NP adhesion. Despite the deviations between theoretically predicted and measured

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• improvement of the oscillator performance. Keywords: Josephson junction arrays; phase-locking; superconducting local oscillator; superconductor integrated receiver; terahertz-range oscillators; Introduction Superconducting heterodyne receivers based on superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) tunnel

• the harmonic mixer (HM) for frequency and phase locking. For the first time the possibility of phase locking of the JJ array to the local source unit was demonstrated with a spectral ratio higher than 90% at the best points [39]. We have also studied and compared the free-running linewidth of the

• quasiparticle current step more than 0.25 of the current at the gap voltage of the mixer junction. Second, the oscillator frequency should be tunable in a wide range. Third, the ability to phase-lock to the external stable synthesizer should be implemented. Fourth, the spectral ratio (ratio of the signal power

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• least tenfold). The designed core NPs are composed of a Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core and a MnFe2O4 shell. Their size and morphology were determined by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to investigate their chemical composition. The iron oxide phase was confirmed by

• . Mössbauer analysis (Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1) was performed to determine the NPs phase by using a conventional Mössbauer spectrometer in a standard transmission configuration at room temperature. The velocity scale was calibrated with a CoRh (25 mCi) source and a metallic iron foil. The

• standard spinel cubic phase (space group ), matching well with reference data such as JCPDS card no. 22-1012 for ZnFe2O4. No impurity phases were detected, indicating that the synthesized Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 is a single-phase spinel ferrite. The shift and relative intensity of the peaks may reflect the partial

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• result in phase separation whereby the water freezes, first expelling the ethanol into concentrated domains, which alters microscale material morphology. Such a phenomenon has been exploited for the fractional freezing of water–ethanol mixtures and in liposomal formulations containing water and DMSO [36

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• of achiral PNSs to a more efficient seeded-growth approach in a colloidal phase. The Nam group achieved a significant breakthrough in 2018 with the large-scale synthesis of highly homogenous chiral gold nanostructures using amino acids and peptides [19]. The Tatasuma group developed the first CPL

• longitudinal (L) plasmons as classical oscillators [72][73][74]. The interference between these two modes defines the EM near-field intensity profile. Their interaction can be constructive or destructive depending on the phase difference between the T and L modes. CPL, equivalent to two perpendicular linearly

• polarized light waves with a π/2 phase difference, can further modulate the phase difference between the two modes by π/2. This generates a chiral EM field intensity profile at specific wavelengths. The full details of this model can be found in [72][73][74]. This model suggests that CPL spatially isolates

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• produce inaccurately normal readings due to interference from anti-intrinsic factor (IF-Ab) or variables like heterophilic antibodies [72][73]. However, Zhang et al. have recently collected VB12 through solid-phase extraction and analyzed it using an LC tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. They

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• of superconducting quasicrystals near Tc. Here, we note an early investigation of another quasiperiodic one-dimensional quantum system, namely, the Ising model on a transverse applied field, which studied the phase transition occurring in its coupling parameter and related critical indexes [28]. For

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• . Unlike generative AI where a large portion of funding goes directly into product development and use, nanotechnology, still in a growing and exploratory phase has required considerable investment in physical infrastructure, metrology, safety protocols, and specialized facilities. These investments are

• . Nanomaterials research, like any deeply fundamental scientific domain, faces intrinsic bottlenecks, both technical and conceptual, which cannot be overlooked. In spite of these challenges, the field is undergoing a phase of foundational maturation. Although some early-stage products and devices are marketed

• under the umbrella of “nanotechnology”, many of these merely represent the initial wave of applications. This phase is comparable to the early era of personal computing, such as the first-generation iPhones, technologically limited, yet instrumental in paving the way for transformative advances

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• product profile and critical quality attributes In this study, the QTPP and associated CQAs were established during the pre-formulation phase, guiding the formulation strategy (Table 2) [21]. Based on the QTPP, preformulation-level CQAs were systematically identified by assessing how their potential

• ) was selected for the subsequent optimization phase [24]. The BBD employs three levels for each factor: in each experiment, two factors vary between their upper (+1) and lower (−1) levels, while the third remains at the center point (0) [24]. Using this approach, 17 experimental combinations were

• at similar concentrations (13.2% of PEG-30 castor oil and 1.8% of Span® 80), for curcumin delivery in a Miglyol® 812N (medium chain triglycerides) oil phase. These findings support the feasibility of developing microemulsions with reduced surfactant content, in alignment with safety considerations

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , Department of Mechanical Engineering, 53020, Rize, Turkey Department of Chemical Engineering, Konya Technical University, Konya, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.16.145 Abstract Nanocrystals (NCs) of silver antimony sulfide (AgSbS2) in the cubic phase were successfully synthesized using the hot-injection method. This

• ) planes of the AgSbS2 phase. TEM and SEM techniques were used to comprehensively characterize the NCs. The results showed that spherical NCs were predominantly formed, with an average diameter of approximately 32 ± 10 nm. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of the NCs

• ) chloride (SbCl3, ≥99.95%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), and ethanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Toluene was obtained from VWR. 1-Dodecanethiol (1-DDT, C12H26S) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Rapid synthesis of AgSbS2 NCs Cubic-phase silver antimony sulfide NCs (AgSbS2 NCs) were synthesized by hot

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• -step fit method based on Equation 1 as detailed in [13]. Here, VDC represents the DC part of the interferometer signal voltage, V0 is the voltage amplitude of the modulated signal, and φ is the phase shift introduced by the electronics in the signal path, which may be determined from the fit

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• nanoscale [1][2][3][4][5]. Among its various operating modes, tapping mode AFM is particularly prevalent due to lateral force minimization and its ability to give phase-contrast images of heterogeneous surfaces [6]. This mode involves oscillating the cantilever near its resonance frequency with the tip

• interacting intermittently with the sample surface. By monitoring and controlling the cantilever’s amplitude and phase, topographical and phase images can be generated, providing insights into material properties and enabling the differentiation of regions or components within heterogeneous samples [7][8][9

• include topographic step-like distortions and sudden phase-contrast inversions arising from bistable transitions between co-existing oscillation states, which complicate data interpretation [13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, operational complexity escalates in liquid environments, where low-quality

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• phase, a 1 nm downward displacement towards the substrate was applied to the driver FE nodes at the start of each load step. Each load step consisted of ten FEM–MD iterations. During this phase, the 16 spatulae were gradually pushed onto the substrate by the moving seta. This process continued until a

• the pull-off (loading) phase, the seta top was moved upwards by reversing the direction of the applied displacement, again using 1 nm per load step. This eventually led to detachment of the spatulae from the substrate. The pull-off was continued until all spatulae were outside the interaction range of

• Forces during preloading and pull-off Once preloading began (Figure 8) and the spatulae made initial contact with the substrate, further load pressed the spatulae against the substrate. The added spatula–substrate forces reached 320 nN after 224 ns (load step 160), marking the end of the preloading phase

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• SerNH10SIL where values higher than αs = 2 are reached. Investigations on an independent chiral matrix Chiralpak IG-3 is a commercially available type of chiral stationary phase used in HPLC for the separation of enantiomers [66]. Chiralpak IG-3 consists of a chiral selector that is based on cellulose

• learn about the factors determining efficiency in chiral chromatography. Obviously, a selectivity factor of more than 1.5 combined with a fraction of molecular species interacting with the surfaces of the stationary phase of the order of 20% is sufficient to reach satisfactory separation results

• effects The choice of solvent is obviously a way to activate the difference in the interaction potentials. The latter reflects how one performs chromatography, which typically uses a gradient of solvents. Often, one starts with a hydrophobic solvent, and then the polarity of the mobile phase becomes more

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• an oil phase were prepared under magnetic stirring, with their composition specified in Table 4. Subsequently, the aqueous phase was carefully added to the oil phase. The mixture was subjected to vortex (IKA) mixing for 5 min, followed by ultrasonication for 5 min at an amplitude of 40% using an

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• predicted in earlier works. The mechanism suggested by Spellauge et al. [9] involves an explosive phase decomposition of the surface of the target followed by expansion of the plasma plume which is rapidly decelerated by the confining liquid. The formation of NPs according to the explosive ejection

• molecules are more probable in the liquid phase as compared to the cavitation bubble due to a much higher concentration of the target material species in the bubble as compared to that of the liquid molecules. Moreover, since NPs are shown to be partially localized in the gas bubble and partially travelling

• compared to that in the liquid phase, which has been shown in [27] to have an impact on the NP size. On the contrary, if the conditions favour more NPs to be transferred into the liquid (and their nucleation and growth is occurring preferentially outside the bubble) then fast passivation of the NP surfaces

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• to the system that is examined. We also avoid disturbance of the medium surrounding the sample, as occurs with piezoacoustic excitation of the cantilever, without requiring expensive modification of our existing AFM system. Finally, by avoiding the use of a phase-locked loop to track the frequency of

• the measurement and tracking of all resonant modes simultaneously, which would otherwise require a separate phase-locked loop for each mode to be tracked. To examine and validate the use of spectral analysis of the thermal motion of AFM cantilevers as an alternative approach to CR-AFM, we conducted

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• irradiation differs from gas-phase deposition, we think that our method can be employed to optimize pre-screen and score new potential precursors for FIB applications by significantly reducing the time required and conserving valuable resources. Keywords: backscattered electrons (BSE); carboxylates; energy

• tested in FEBID processes. Preliminary studies of new or potential FEBID precursors employ electron ionization mass spectrometry and gas-phase cross-beam experiments (dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment), but more informative are investigations into the interactions of molecules

• . Gas-phase interactions between [Fe(CO)5] molecules and ions of helium, neon, argon, and krypton were carried out. However, the authors noted that these results may not accurately reflect the behavior of the precursor on the surface during actual FIBID processing since the conditions under which the

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• environmental factors such as temperature, nutrient availability, water quality, and ecological interactions. Higher temperatures accelerate growth, while food scarcity and competition can prolong this phase [46][47][48]. The life cycle of Ae. aegypti (Figure 1) begins with the deposition of eggs by adult

• . Pupae also live exclusively in aquatic habitats and represent a transitional phase of metamorphosis between larval and adult stages. During this phase, pupae develop into adult mosquitoes, which are capable of flying short distances. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes generally disperse within 50 to 100 meters

• by phase inversion, using polysorbate 80 and sorbitan monooleate 20 as surfactants. The NE presented an average size of 105.3 nm (±1.36) and a polydispersity index of 0.263 (± 0.004). The larvicidal bioassays against third-stage Aedes aegypti larvae produced an LC50 of 61.4 µg/mL at 48 hours and 26.8

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• , high-speed, and scalable computing. In these systems, the propagation of information is associated with the movement of a current wave/topological soliton, which is clearly visible in the model by a 2π jump of the so-called Josephson phase, φ. In contrast to conventional rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ

• ) logic, the phase drop for the considered single kinetic soliton (SKS) occurs not on the relatively large connecting geometric inductors, but on the Josephson junctions. SKS is a propagating wave of phase change with kinetic energy limited from below; the corresponding current pulse “dissipates” if its

• supercurrent, the quasi-particle current, and the displacement current: Here, φ is the phase difference for the complex superconducting order parameter across the junction, V is the voltage, Ic is the critical current, RN is the resistance in the normal state and C is the capacitance. For analysis, it is

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• the AFM’s suspension system is roughly 1 Hz, with a quality factor of roughly 2. Mechanical oscillation of the tip causes phase modulation of the reflected microwave pump, detected as motional sidebands in the signal spectrum. Measuring the microwave response at a sideband, the detection responsivity

• feedback system must be able to follow rapid changes in topography while avoiding feedback oscillation. Depending on the mode of operation, AM-AFM or FM-AFM, the PID setpoint and error signal are determined, respectively, from the amplitude or phase of the motional sideband, which is the up-converted

• of trace and retrace scan directions. We achieved faster imaging and improved stability with FM-AFM as shown in Figure 5. FM-AFM requires phase-sensitive detection of tip displacement using a scheme described in detail in earlier publications [35][17]. The cantilever is now driven on resonance at the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• nanoparticle formation in real time by detecting surface plasmon resonance bands, which provide insight into particle size and distribution [57]. XRD offers detailed information on the crystalline structure and phase composition of the nanoparticles, confirming successful synthesis and purity [53]. Together

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• phase inversion composition (PIC) method, and then characterized and evaluated. The PHYT-NE had a mean droplet diameter close to 200 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.2, spherical shape, and a pH value compatible with cutaneous application. The formulation showed high colloidal stability for at

• via the low-energy emulsification method, as a novel potential pharmacological alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Results Phytol-loaded soybean-oil nanoemulsion Blank-NE and soybean oil nanoemulsions loaded with phytol (PHYT-NE) were successfully prepared using the phase

• cutaneous leishmaniasis [28][29]. To address a promising candidate to this, we developed a stable soybean oil-based nanoemulsion capable of encapsulating PHYT, using the phase inversion composition (PIC) nanoemulsification method. This is a low-shear technique that allows for easy scale-up and helps prevent