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Search for "response" in Full Text gives 973 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116
- potential effects include tumor cell death, inhibition of proliferation, increased autophagy, and enhanced immune system response [51]. Furthermore, natural products can also promote the regulation of immune cells and cytokines, increasing immunogenic cancer cell death, natural killer cell activity, and
- T cells, controllable size, and protection of the tumor environment [131]. They also help by reducing adverse effects, increasing antitumor response, as well as increasing solubility and precision in drug delivery [132][133]. Seeking a new pharmaceutical application for procyanidines (PCs) as APIs
- response, while being efficiently distributed in the lymphatic vessels, contributing to the local and systemic antitumor effects of small molecules [183]. However, PNCs face some challenges for therapeutic use, especially regarding the lack of methods for characterizing the shell, which is important for
Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115
- ]. During an immune response against poisoning, some toxins are poorly immunogenic, and due to that, they are associated with immunoadjuvants. Information about the efficiency of immunoadjuvants can be accessed by immunization protocols [44]. Venom-loaded NPs obtained better efficiency in the stimulation to
- the immune system when compared to that of AH. Similar results were found in experiments performed by Ayari-Riabi (2016) using a PLA nanoparticle formulation to stimulate immune response against the venom from Androctonus australis hector and Buthus occitanus tunetanus scorpions. However, PLA
- nanoparticles had the same response when compared with that of AH standard formulation [11]. Cationic PLA nanoparticles produced in this study demonstrated better immune stimulation behavior. These results can be found in other chitosan-based cationic nanoparticle formulations [1][45]. The cationic properties
Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114
- barrier, while MPs of 20 μm can reach internal organs. Exposure occurs through inhalation, posing risks to adults, while children face dangers from MPs in contaminated drinking water. Once inside the body, MPs can trigger neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolic disruption
- material classification or pattern recognition [138]. Hybrid and optimization based techniques including response surface methodology (RSM), particle swarm optimization (PSO), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are useful in handling complex data types and
Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113
- the total deformation were selected for comparative strain pattern analysis. Simulations In order to determine the mechanical behavior and response of the triangular, graded, and inversely graded metamaterial structures in an idealized form, and thus highlight the possibilities of combining geometric
Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H2O2 addition and substrate absorbability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111
- effective degradations of OFL with a high initial concentration, say, 100 ppm and 200 ppm. The photocurrent response in Figure 7b increases with increasing H2O2 concentrations in the 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, because H2O2 acts as an electron acceptor, facilitating charge separation and the generation of ROS
Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109
- electronics. Active degradation has emerged as a complementary strategy alongside conventional encapsulation. Unlike passive and time-dependent degradation, active degradation involves materials that remain stable under normal physiological conditions but are designed to break down in response to specific
Nanomaterials for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105
- . Traditional implants face various problems, such as poor biocompatibility, inflammatory response, or the risk of infection. However, with the integration of nanomaterials, these devices show higher biocompatibility, durability, and defenses against bacteria [36]. For example, incorporating titanium dioxide or
Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104
Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103
- SERS substrate enabled detection at concentrations as low as 10−9 M with a strong linear response. These results highlight the potential of LED-synthesized AgNPrs as high-performance, low-cost, and environmentally benign substrates for sensitive SERS applications in chemical and biosensing fields
Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101
- and components [3]. Advancements in materials science over the past two decades have driven significant progress in the development of nanoscale electrodes. Their high surface-to-volume ratio and nanoscale dimensions offer inherent advantages, including improved response time, improved sensitivity
Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98
- presence of polar silanol groups, which enhance stability and the ability to absorb water. These properties make them excellent carriers for bioactive molecules, providing efficient encapsulation and controlled release. SiNPs can be engineered to release their payloads in response to specific stimuli
- highly selective and efficient photosensitizer delivery systems. Ir(III) complexes are excellent photosensitizers due to their highly sensitive excited-state properties in response to the surrounding environment, high photostability, and unique intracellular localization [137][138]. However, the
- , some formulations enable site-specific drug release in response to infection-associated stimuli, while others reduce off-target effects by confining drug activity to the desired site of action. Moving forward, research should emphasize the development of highly biocompatible and stimuli-responsive
Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97
- simultaneous presence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions [28]. Induction of ferroptosis could be a valuable strategy to overcome tumor resistance to apoptosis or anticancer drugs and increase the effectiveness of cancer cell killing. It also contributes to the T cells’ immune response against cancer [25]. Ferroptosis and
- reactions of hydrogen peroxides in LIPs under the name of the Fenton reaction [59][60]. In addition, iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) such as IRP1 and IRP2 regulate the expression of DMT1 and TfR1, ferritin, and FPN1 by binding to the mRNA of iron response elements (IREs). Under iron deficiency conditions
- [84]. For example, in response to radiotherapy, cancer cells develop adaptive reactions, such as upregulating SLC7A11 or GPX4 expression, to fight induced ferroptosis. Accordingly, ferroptosis inducers targeting either SLC7A11 or GPX4, along with radiotherapy, can radiosensitize tumor cells by
Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95
- plasma volume. However, under femtosecond laser processing, the material response depends on specific properties of the material, such as plasma formation, nonlinear absorption, and multiphoton ionization. In such a high-intensity regime, the optical constant of the material becomes dynamically dependent
- minimal variance in response to fluctuations in fluence levels. Elemental distribution on the surface of LIPSS at different wavelengths When subjecting a material’s surface to pulsed laser irradiation, a fascinating phenomenon occurs, namely, the ablation of material along the laser path, accompanied by
Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO4 films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94
- showed that the film exhibited inhomogeneous coverage and an inconsistent PEC response, which could lead to misleading interpretations when comparing the material trends. Therefore, these samples were not included in subsequent analyses to maintain the clarity and consistency of the dataset
Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93
- predominantly [9]. These compounds have the potential to enhance immune response, reduce the risk of degenerative diseases, and contribute to anti-inflammatory activity [10][11], reducing the indiscriminate use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids in the population [12][13
- counterpart [47]. The superior pharmacological response of the nanoemulsion may be attributed to the nanoscale droplet size, which increases the surface area-to-volume ratio, enhances solubility and stability, and promotes rapid absorption and cellular uptake [56]. The nanometric scale facilitates more
- -inflammatory response than diclofenac. At 6 h post-treatment, the nanoemulsion maintained a comparable effect to diclofenac at the same dose levels (Figure 6). These results further substantiate the enhanced efficacy of the oil in the form of nanoemulsion in modulating acute inflammation in rats. Conclusion
Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92
- combination of near-IR imaging and photodynamic therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma [37]. 1.1.4 T lymphocytes (T cells). T cells are highly specific and more actively identify foreign bodies, including cancer cells. In addition to directly killing cancer cells, T cells organize the immune response by
- recruiting other immune cells and also prevent the immune response from overreacting [38]. Therefore, T cells are the most extensively studied immune cells in cancer immunotherapy [39]. Kang et al. have developed T lymphocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles that can target cancer by T cell-associated proteins
- [41]. Wayteck et al. have prepared liposomes that can hitchhike on cells to the tumor site and get separated to perform their cytotoxic activity [42]. 1.1.5 Cancer cells. Cancer cells establish their own mechanism to escape immune response [43]. They are tightly bound by surface proteins to hinder the
Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88
- and PM disruption [33]. Notably, from 100 ppm onwards, larvae exhibited melanized nodular structures interpreted as pseudotumors (Figure 6, white arrow head), a typical outcome of the activation of the phenoloxidase cascade. This immune response is frequently triggered by gut damage, epithelial
Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87
- hours of exposure, with studies reporting that 99% of individuals exposed to CP experience ocular symptoms, including inflammation, corneal edema, tissue damage, and potential visual impairment [6][7][8]. Developing portable, sensitive, rapid-response, and reliable sensors for detecting chemical warfare
- . Semiconductor nanomaterials such as graphene, B12N12, fullerene C60, carbon nanotubes, WO₃, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, SnO₂, TiO₂, MoS₂, and NiO have been widely employed in gas sensor applications due to their superior selectivity, sensitivity, and response characteristics [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29
- humidity sensing performance compared to that of ZnO/ZnS nanorod arrays and ZnO nanorod arrays, with enhanced response, faster recovery, good linearity, and reliable reproducibility across a wide range of relative humidity conditions at room temperature. Giri et al. [48] demonstrated that phase-selective
Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86
- , S.L.P. México 10.3762/bjnano.16.86 Abstract Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force–volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic
- (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions. Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response
- membrane tension and rigidity are two intertwined physical parameters with a dynamic behavior dictated by the internal turgor pressure of the bacteria during swelling or plasmolysis. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of their mechanical response due to changes in external conditions or exposure to
Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85
- ] describe neuromorphic elements based on superconducting interferometers that emulate the signal response of biological neurons in various real-world scenarios. In [1][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], adiabatic neuromorphic interferometers were presented, whose energy consumption can be reduced to the
- Gauss Neuron and Results (C)). The black dashed line shows the secondary solution that does not provide a bell-shaped response. Transfer function of the Gauss neuron according to Equation 26–Equation 28 at different values of the Josephson asymmetry parameter tanα = IcA/IcB for tanα ≥ 1 (panel a) and
Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78
- stimulate electrically excitable cells without requiring an external power source, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications such as treating cardiac arrhythmias and promoting bone regeneration [17][18]. Mechanical stimulation, notably ultrasound (US), can induce a piezoelectric response in
- amplitude and PRFM phase images of hBNs. The amplitude image presents the strength of hBNs piezoelectric response, which was recorded as 2 mV. This acquired amplitude response measures the effective piezoelectric coefficient, which can be correlated with the polarization magnitude. The observed PRFM
- amplitude contrast showed that grains have different piezo responses. According to the applied electric field, bright areas correspond to regions with active piezoelectric response, while dark regions indicate piezoelectric activities in the opposite direction of the applied electric field on the surface
Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77
- , largely due to the slow thermodynamic equilibrium. In response, Li and colleagues published a research paper entitled “Nanoarchitectonics on Electrosynthesis and Assembly of Conjugated Metallopolymers." In this method, they achieved nanoarchitectonics of end-on conjugated metallopolymers through surface
- on/off response of the fabricated structures is length-dependent. For example, the switching current under light illumination increases with increasing molecular length and monolayer thickness. Furthermore, the technique has the potential to be automated, which would facilitate its use as an assembly
- display optical changes in response to mechanical stress, is expected to have a substantial influence across multiple fields. Mechanical forces applied to materials can be visualized using these tools, and they can also be employed to aid in detecting damage, thus preventing significant harm to materials
A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75
- healthy HuDe cells, a primary dermal human cell line, and on tumor MCF7 cells, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, by MTS assay. Dose-response experiments were performed. Cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of 1 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 3.1, and 6.2 μM) for 24 h. As shown in Figure 2A,B, no
- amperometric detection with a World Precision Instrument, ISO-NO meter, equipped with a data acquisition system, and based on direct amperometric detection of NO with a short response time (<5 s) and sensitivity range from 1 nM to 20 mM. The analog signal was digitalized with a four-channel recording system
Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74
- laser-excited NPs. While the TAS technique provides insight into the electronic properties of the NPs, it is, however, unable to reveal the response of the surrounding liquid to the excitation. To this end, the time-resolved scattering techniques based on X-rays and electrons are more appropriate
- within a liquid environment. Potential applications of UED include investigating the non-thermal heating of water molecules surrounding NPs, which occurs on femtosecond to picosecond timescales, as well as examining the response of the water environment to heat transfer and the mechanical work performed
- understanding of the optical response of the SPR helped to clarify specifics of electron dynamics and coupling to the phonons and close boundaries. Valleé and Del Fatti et al. [117][118] and others [119][120] addressed size effects of electron dynamics as well structural relaxations by these model systems
Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73
- SPM techniques, the time constant is sufficiently large to allow a morphodynamic response. Morphodynamic effects are particularly pronounced at the edges of mitochondria. When a mitochondrion adopts a more spherical shape through morphodynamic activity, the maximum apparent height increases slightly
- morphodynamic response of mitochondria. Figure 5c illustrates the correlation between the measured TEV and the time elapsed since sample preparation tP. The time elapsed since sample preparation begins after the thawing of the isolated mitochondria. The observed time dependence of TEV(tP) (blue markers) follows
- , with response times of the order of seconds or less [6][41][50]. The binding process between microtubules and mitochondria is well known [40][41]. The precise mechanism by which mitochondria and microtubules locate each other remains unclear, but their interaction is too directional to be coincidental
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