Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• colloidal solutions, enabling the generation of NPs with controlled sizes and shapes. One of the early significant studies in this field was conducted by Pyatenko et al. in 2007 [63], who demonstrated that spherical Ag NPs of various sizes could be synthesized through one-step or multistep processes

• , and HER/OER devices. These films exhibit unique morphologies and properties due to the controlled nanoparticle size and dispersion. Additionally, these nanocolloids enable facile, low-temperature, single-step film fabrication under standard laboratory conditions, making it an efficient and versatile

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• step of the entire process [3]. During this stage, small silver nanoparticles (seeds) can combine and evolve into anisotropic nanostructures through a chemical process in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium borohydride, commonly referred to as the Mirkin method [4]. Recently

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• inappropriate for some applications [13][14][15]. Among various manufacturing techniques, directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) stands out as a one-step method that enables rapid and tunable fabrication of crystalline metal nanowires [16][17]. In the DENA method, AC power and a metal salt (e.g., Au

• dopamine testing experiments, and all solutions were prepared with 18 MΩ·cm deionized water. A Gamry 1000E potentiostat was used for DPV tests, where the scan range was from −0.2 to 0.7 V, the step value was 2.0 mV, the sample period was 0.5 s, the pulse time was 0.05 s, and the pulse size was 25 mV. To

• electrodes were used as above. The Gamry potentiostat was used for CV tests with scan range from −0.5 to 0.5 V, 30 mV/s, 1 mV step size (1 data point for 1 mV change, 30 data point per second), and four cycles. For noise reduction and statistical considerations, the mean value from the last three cycles were

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• characteristic feature corresponding to the surface state, which appears as a step function around a specific bias value, which for the Au(111) surface appears at around −0.48 V [13][14]. One notable attempt to automate this classification using machine learning (ML) was carried out by Wang et al. [15]. This

• shown in Figure 2. One addition to this method compared to the automated data gathering method described in Barker et al. [19] is the addition of I(z) classifications prior to performing imaging to ensure a tunnelling junction. This acts as a rapid “pre-filtering” step, eliminating tips that do not show

• completing this data gathering step, the tip moves away from the imaging area for a tip preparation event, in order to change the apex substantially before repeating the entire process to collect another dataset with a different tip. Throughout, if the tip is classified as “bad” in either of the I(z

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• clusters were then subjected to a Kalman filter to merge segments corresponding to the same nanotube (Supporting Information File 4). The information about tracked segments is entered into tables for final manual verification and labeling of events. This manual step remains essential due to the complexity

• , there is room for improvement in processing algorithms. In particular, manual verification and labeling of tracked nanotubes, particularly for complex cases, remains essential and is currently the most time-consuming step in the process [20]. Currently, brightness and contrast adjustments rely on

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• ablation techniques for micro/nanostructuring have garnered significant attention due to their versatile applications. In particular, fabricating subwavelength structures using high-power pulsed lasers offers a flexible, single-step processing approach compatible with industry standards, making it a

• 20 µm. It involved a meticulous process to fine-tune laser parameters such as power, speed, and step size to attain the desired LIPSS pattern. Each incident wavelength required creating samples with varying scanning speeds, specifically, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.5 mm/s, with the input laser beam power

• fixed at 20 mW. For each wavelength, four different step sizes and scanning speeds were explored. Table 1 below displays the optimal spatial periodicity of LIPSS structures obtained for each wavelength. In this work, we fabricated LIPSS over a large area 5 mm × 5 mm and optimization was carried out for

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• a bleaching stage were used to extract cellulose from the straw. In the first acid hydrolysis step, the cellulose was treated with 62% H2SO4 solution at a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:12 (g·mL−1), continuously stirred at a temperature of 40–42 °C for 2 h. The reaction was then quenched by 10-fold

• dilution of the solution. The solution was washed by centrifugation three times and filtered through a 10 μm nylon mesh filter membrane. In the neutralization step, the solution was neutralized by dialysis with deionized water, which was replaced every 6 h, and sonicated using a Hielscher UP400St

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• , the findings observed at 0.4 mg/mL PpIX are not in line. While spectrophotometric readings indicated high solubility, the visual inspection revealed turbidity, suggesting incomplete dissolution of the photosensitizer. This discrepancy may be attributed to the filtration step performed prior to UV–vis

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• subtracting Equation 2–Equation 3. The symmetric case assumes LA = LB = L and IcA = IcB = Ic. The next step is to adopt dimensionless units: the magnetic flux is normalized by Φ0/2π, the current is normalized by the critical current Ic, and the inductance is normalized by the Josephson inductance LJ = Φ0/2πIc

• ϕin. By symmetry, we obtain φ− = 0 according to Equation 12 and according to Equation 13 and Equation 14. The solution of this transcendental equation can be represented as a parameterized integral [8]: where θ(x) is the Heaviside step function. The numerical solution of Equation 15 is shown in Figure

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• suspended in a poor solvent is fragmented into nanoparticles by intense pulsed laser irradiation, and the sample suspension is directly converted in to a colloidal dispersion without any chemical additives in one step. It has been demonstrated that several hydrophobic dyes such as metal complex Pcs (MPcs

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• the structure, crystallization behavior, and rheological, tribological, physical, and mechanical properties of PBS-based nanocomposites prepared via a two-step melt compounding–dilution approach using a masterbatch. While previous studies generally report trends similar to those observed here, such as

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• antenna to trigger the NO release from the hydrophobic NOPD 2. Compound 1 was prepared by a two-step synthesis according to Scheme 2 (see Supporting Information File 1 for details) starting from the known calix[4]arene derivative 1a [60]. In brief, compound 1a treated with chloroacetic acid provided

• encourage a better fit of this NOPD into the calixarene nanocontainer without affecting the already known photochemical NO release properties [61]. Compound 2 was prepared by a two-step synthesis according to Scheme 3 (see Supporting Information File 1 for details). Briefly, the direct coupling of

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• tip changes to eventually arrive in contrast mode C4 is shown in Figure 4. Images in Figure 4a–c and Figure 4g–i represent image data acquired while step-wise decreasing the frequency shift setpoint. Such a reduction of the tip–surface distance eventually triggers tip changes. Contrast profiles for

• to a successively stabilizing negative tip termination. (a–c) and (g–i) Δf data acquired while step-wise decreasing the tip–sample distance (Δfset = −60.2 Hz to −78.0 Hz). (d–f) and (j–l) Line profiles extracted along the direction of the unit-cell averaged data. represents the distance between

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• irradiation [16]. In the next step, 200 mg of the graphite oxide was MW irradiated at 700 W for 90 s in a MW oven. It is important to note that the MW process happened in the solid phase. The reduction and exfoliation of graphite oxide to form the rGO occurred through the removal of oxygen functionalities in

• graphite oxide (100 mg) was mixed with V2O5 powder (100 mg) in a mortar pestle. In the next step, the mixed powder was MW irradiated at a power of 700 W for 90 s to obtain the GV NC. Microwave synthesis of rGO/VO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite The ternary NC was synthesized following a similar solid-state MW

• to synthesize the ternary GVF. Results and Discussion The NC based on rGO, VO2, and Fe2O3 was synthesized through a cost-effective, ultrafast MW route. As shown in Figure 1, the graphite powder was initially oxidized through a chemical synthetic route to form graphite oxide. In the next step, the MW

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• nozzle kept about 100 μm above the sample surface. The chamber pressure of the Cs+ and the Ga+ FIB was about 5 × 10−7 mbar before deposition and 8 × 10−6 mbar during deposition. For Pt deposition, a beam step size of −150% of the beam diameter was used with an upper limit of 200 nm for the Cs FIBID to

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• . It is important to emphasize that the significantly higher brilliance of synchrotron radiation beams, compared with laboratory sources, provides much higher sensitivity towards diluted elements, such as low-concentration dopants and low-density metal NPs. A significant step forward in the

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• temperature of 873 K for 30 min. Heating the raw film in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1073 K removes excess sulfur and other contaminations from the film surface. In the final step, a thin PyC film synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is placed on the surface of the cleaned MoS2 film using the

• with the p orbitals of sulfur [44]. Figure 3 shows the sequence of a three-step sodiation/desodiation experiment performed with samples in the UHV chamber of the spectrometer. Sodium vapor was deposited simultaneously on three studied samples for 10 min. The second step included additional deposition

• of sodium for 20 min. The thickness of the sodium layer was measured using a quartz microbalance; it was 2.5 Å after the 10 min experiment and 7.6 Å after the 30 min experiment. In the third step, the samples with deposited sodium were annealed at 773 K for 30 min. The XPS spectra were measured

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• . In this study, Ni/NiO nanolayers were prepared on stainless steel (SS) via a facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering with various O2 flow rates. The O2 flow rate not only changed the crystal phase but also affected the morphology and atomic ratio of materials, leading to optimized HER

• electrocatalytic applications [30]. For instance, Wang et al. deposited nickel–iron on SS, which was used as a high-performance electrode for water oxidation [31]. Hence, in this study, we utilized commercial 304 SS and coated it with the Ni/NiO catalyst through a one-step radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering

• NiO phases, metallic Ni, and high conductivity of SS, which is advantageous for the Volmer step in alkaline solution, the combination of adsorbed H atoms, and electron transport in the catalytic process. These conclusions guide the fabrication of binder-free, robust, affordable electrocatalysts using

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• with costly elements and rare earth materials, providing a pathway for developing bulk and nanometric functional magnetic materials that meet the demands of modern technological applications. Materials and Methods Preparation of bulk Ge-based CCAs The bulk Ge-based CCA was synthesized by a two-step

• weight ratio of 20:1 with a rotation speed of sun disk/jars 700 rpm/1400 rpm. In the second step, the HEBM powders were consolidated using SPS (Dr. Sinter Lab – Fuji Electronic Industrial Co. Ltd.) in a vacuum environment. The powder mixture was loaded into a cylindrical graphite die with an inner

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• cubic, tetrakaidecahedron, hollow sphere, and rod-like have been reported for different phases of FeS2 samples prepared in water by single-step hydrothermal process [2]. The transition from spherical to hollow spheres composed of rod-like structures was associated with the conversion of the marcasite

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• temperature decrease. The first step in the verification, whether the blocking process of individual nanoparticles is observed, was the analysis of the ac magnetic measurement results. The dependence between the temperatures of the χ’(T) maxima, ΤΜΑΧ, and frequency of the ac magnetic field was specified. To

• dissolve first. (The dissolution of the calcium alginate was proved by the XPS studies, and it will be presented and comment in section XPS results and analysis.) The next step is the dissolution of sucrose; whose molecules are polar, thus, they are not a barrier for saline. Without the sucrose shell, the