Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• -step fit method based on Equation 1 as detailed in [13]. Here, VDC represents the DC part of the interferometer signal voltage, V0 is the voltage amplitude of the modulated signal, and φ is the phase shift introduced by the electronics in the signal path, which may be determined from the fit

• interferometer, various voltages are applied to the fiber tube piezo, and, after each step of voltage change, the cantilever excitation voltage is varied from 1 V to 7 V in steps. For each step, the interferometer signal is analyzed to extract the oscillation amplitude A corresponding to the respective voltage

• step. Figure 2 shows plots of A against the cantilever excitation voltage Vexc, where the data are fitted by straight lines. Note that all straight lines should coincide; however, they are shifted for each step along the Vexc axis for better clarity. The measurements presented in Figure 2a have been

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• include topographic step-like distortions and sudden phase-contrast inversions arising from bistable transitions between co-existing oscillation states, which complicate data interpretation [13][14][15][16][17]. Additionally, operational complexity escalates in liquid environments, where low-quality

• ) and a stiff probe (NSC15/Al BS) demonstrates that our method yields closely matched topography (~4 nm step height between the thinner and thicker nanosheet regions), confirming the robust height fidelity of the present approach. Quantitative modulus maps exhibit pronounced probe-dependence; the soft

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• geometry was sufficient as a first step in validating our concurrent MD–FEM approach and extracting fundamental insights about contact formation, load transfer, and spatula detachment mechanisms. Simulating each spatula in its own MD simulation, while coupling them all with the seta FEM model, becomes

• greater mesh deformation and, thus, represents a larger step towards the final FEM solution. This requires fewer iterations but also increases the risk of numerical instabilities. Conversely, a larger spring constant results in smaller steps towards equilibrium but requires more iterations. External

• loading (e.g., displacement or force) on the full system, such as moving the entire seta, is applied in increments called load steps. Each load step consists of (1) applying a portion of the total load (a displacement of 1 nm in our case) to the driver nodes and (2) running multiple FEM–MD iterations (ten

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• according to [64], and the racemate was separated by fractional crystallization using (S)-(−)-1-phenylethylamine for (+)-3CP and (R)-(+)-1-phenylethylamine for (−)-3CP as indicated in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S10. The enantiomeric purity was checked after each crystallization step using the

• ), we prepared two new materials, namely, TEMPONHxSIL and TEMPONHyoSIL (Figure 12). Via amide coupling chemistry, in a post-functionalization step, we attached a pentafluorophenol-activated 4-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (R = TEMPO; Figure 12) group. The reaction delivers an ESR-active

• ). One sees in Figure 13b that already for x > 0.05, the distance between the TEMPO units is around 1.4 nm. One may assume that a larger number of amines/x does not necessarily lead to a higher degree of functionalization in the post-functionalization step. The introduction of phenyl spacers in the oSIL

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• preparation, a flow rate ratio of 6.25 was maintained, with an outer flow rate of 0.25 mL/h and an inner flow rate of 0.04 mL/h, as this ratio prevented severe dripping and ensured a more stable Taylor cone. Having characterized the influence of core composition on fiber formation, the next step involved

• polymer powders, sieving was conducted using an ASTM 70 mesh (212 µm) before compressing the powders onto the sample holder to ensure grain homogeneity. The analyses were carried out using a LabX XRD-6100 diffractometer (Shimadzu, Japan) in an angle ranging from 2° to 50° (2θ), using a step size of 0.02

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• by unfocused laser irradiation as a second step. This strategy has developed into several methods usually categorized as laser-induced fragmentation, laser-induced melting, or laser-induced modification. Such multistep processes open up ways for precise manipulation and fine tuning of NP parameters

• in acetone–water solution to induce further re-shaping into cubic nanostructures (Figure 7b–d). The formation of the nanocubes occurred upon ageing of the colloid during several days, and the authors emphasize the importance of the laser fragmentation step in this process. If the laser fluence is too

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• -organic precursors involves a series of steps that are crucial to ensure accurate and comprehensive results. These stages include: (1) Deposition of the precursor onto a Si(111) substrate through sublimation using previously established parameters [22][29][32][34]. This step allows for precise control of

• hyperspectral data, which involves acquiring multiple X-ray spectra from different points of the final sample morphology. This step allows for a more detailed analysis of the chemical composition and distribution of elements within the irradiated sample. (5) Decomposing SEM EDX hyperspectral data using advanced

• technique, which is a high-resolution analytical method that can provide elemental information at the nanoscale. This step ensures precise identification and quantification of all elements present in the grown structures. (7) The final step involves examining the chemical composition of the resulted

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• exploit this sparsity when solving the system. The equations are integrated numerically using an adaptive-step-size solver based on the explicit Runge–Kutta (4th and 5th order) formula, commonly known as the Dormand–Prince pair [44][45], which is well suited for this class of non-stiff problems. The

• the kinetic soliton’s propagation rate. As a preliminary step, we characterized the dependence of the kinetic soliton propagation velocity on the damping parameter of the connecting junctions, α (see Figure 1b). We define the velocity as the number of grounded junctions traversed per unit of

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• driving the coarse z-positioner with the Attocube ANC-300 control unit that provides the 60 V saw-tooth pulses to the piezo actuators. The stick–slip motion of the actuator under high-voltage saw-tooth pulses (≈50 nm/step) produces significant heating at the 10 mK stage. Under continuous operation, the

• tracking with abrupt changes in topography. The latter occurred during the scan; in multiple instances, the feedback temporarily loses track of the surface immediately after the tip encounters a step. The single scan line on the fast axis (i.e., x-axis) shown in Figure 4b,c clearly shows different behavior

• resonance frequency shift as a function of the tip–surface distance. (a) AM-AFM imaging of the calibration grating over a 1 µm × 1 µm scan area containing a single vertical stripe with a 10 nm step height. The dashed lines in the image mark the location of the scan lines in (b) and (c). (a) FM-AFM imaging

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• . coli BL21 (DE3) cells as previously described [21] and purified by two step purification, that is, immobilised metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) followed by ion exchange chromatography (IEC). For IMAC, the Co-IDA resin column was washed with 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing 150 mM NaCl and

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• -solvent, Tween® 80, and ʟ-α-phosphatidylcholine (PC), as surfactants. For nanoemulsions containing phytol, 10 mg/g of the drug was added to OP. Subsequent to the nanoemulsification step, the nanoemulsions were transferred into hermetically sealed glass vials and stored at room temperature for further

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and exposed to UV light (254 nm, 40 W) for 180 min. Subsequently, the rhodamine B concentration and disintegration were examined using absorption spectra via a UVISEL ellipsometer (75 W Xe lamp, Horiba, France) in the 450–650 nm wavelength range with a 1 nm step. The ellipsometer beam spot size was 1

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• commonly used methods for the preparation of PNs employing preformed polymers. These methods typically begin with the formulation of an emulsifying system, a step common to all techniques, followed by the formation of NPs through a process that varies depending on the method, such as solvent precipitation

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• weighed every 20 min until all samples reached equilibrium. Equilibrium was defined as a change of mass of less than 0.01% over a period of 40 min. The 0% RH climate step was maintained for at least 96 h to ensure an equilibrium when measuring the dry mass of the samples. During the measurements, an error

• occurred in one sample of sclerenchyma fiber tissue, resulting in a pronounced mass shift from one weighing step to the next, making it unsuitable for further analysis. The relative mass change of the samples with respect to the measured dry mass was calculated and used for further analysis. Axially

• information. DVC was performed using the image registration software Elastix with its implemented B-spline transformation (ver. 5.1.0) [39]. The images were aligned in a two-step process, first with an affine transformation and then with a B-spline transformation. For both steps, a pyramidal approach with

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• technology for the future development of smaller and more power-efficient devices. One step in this development is the replacement of silicon, which cannot reach the development goals set by international technological roadmaps [61]. A potential replacement for silicon oxide is a high-k oxide material such

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• toughness along a specific direction or within a defined volume [7]. By strategically varying the composition or morphology of the material, FGMs can be designed with enhanced performance characteristics tailored to specific application requirements. The gradient can be continuous or discontinuous, or step

• 13.50 × 8.00 mm2 for each layer were cut from a tensile specimen with linear gradient and rectilinear interface using the laser cutter mentioned above, resulting in a total of seven specimens. Each specimen was scanned at a resolution of 4 μm, with a 360° scan and a rotation step of 0.3°, using a

• cross sections of the individual scans (Figure 4A) and quantitatively over the course of the entire specimen (Figure 4D). In addition to the slight variations within a specimen, the step changes at the cut intersections between the pieces are noticeable. These can be explained by the material removed

Few-photon microwave fields for superconducting transmon-based qudit control

• Irina A. Solovykh,
• Andrey V. Pashchenko,
• Natalya A. Maleeva,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Olga V. Tikhonova and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1580–1591, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.112

• system “step by step” by choosing the appropriate frequency of the classical field for each stage, as was done in [54]. However, this procedure requires a rather complex experimental setup and takes a significant amount of time. For our particular system, we have identified and demonstrated the

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• for integration steps dt = 0.1–10.0 fs were plotted. These graphs are selectively illustrated in Figure 2. For the other integration steps, the dependences have similar behavior. The dotted line in Figure 2 shows the average values of energy and magnetization modulus for an integration step of 0.1 fs

• step on the fluctuations of the magnetic properties of the system, the relative deviations of the normalized magnetic energy ΔE(Δt) and magnetization modulus ΔM(Δt) were calculated. At the same time, additional averaging over the already performed time steps was performed for the considered quantities

• : where Nstep is the previously performed number of time steps; Ek(Δt) and Mk(Δt) are magnetic energy and magnetization modulus at the current time step; ⟨E⟩(Δt) and ⟨M⟩(Δt) are average values of the considered parameters over the entire time period. The deviations of the magnetic parameters from Equation

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• using single-step processes. However, to enable more complex functionalities, such as processing, digital communication, and memory, integrated logic devices must be developed, which inherently calls for a foundry-level scale-up. Since bioresorbable electronics can leverage existing silicon-based

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions with enhanced recyclability than less dendrimerized CNTs. Kinetic studies have revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. This study has not only excluded the

• (Scheme 1). This first step is crucial to ensure a high growth rate of dendrimers in subsequent steps by the repeated reaction of MA and ethylene diamine (EDA). We have characterized the CNTs-MA material by Raman spectroscopy to find the degree of functionalization, and the results are depicted in Figure

• efficiencies of 81.9 and 74.3% for Pb2+ and Cd2+ metal ions, respectively, affirming its potential use for practical applications. Based on kinetic studies, the adsorption process was best described by a pseudo-second order reaction, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. Calculated value of

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• IONPs, which can be coupled to azides through the CuAAC, with no detectable cross-reactivity. At this point, it may be tempting to label the conjugation reaction as a success. However, an important step in the synthesis has been neglected: We have not provided evidence that the binding of PPA is through

• . Our previous study on buffer interactions with IONPs [67] demonstrated that the buffer Tris, whose structure is analogous to THPP, showed significant binding to the IONP surface, likely through its hydroxy groups. It is clear that the addition of a disulfide cleavage step is not feasible by any

• were performed at this step to ensure that any Cy5 binding was indeed the result of the CuAAC. From the UV–vis spectra, we see that even in the absence of surface carboxylate groups, there is significant binding of PPA, as evidenced by the Cy5-azide loading on the EDC/NHS-treated (Figure 13A.i) and EDC

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• colloidal solutions, enabling the generation of NPs with controlled sizes and shapes. One of the early significant studies in this field was conducted by Pyatenko et al. in 2007 [63], who demonstrated that spherical Ag NPs of various sizes could be synthesized through one-step or multistep processes

• , and HER/OER devices. These films exhibit unique morphologies and properties due to the controlled nanoparticle size and dispersion. Additionally, these nanocolloids enable facile, low-temperature, single-step film fabrication under standard laboratory conditions, making it an efficient and versatile

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• step of the entire process [3]. During this stage, small silver nanoparticles (seeds) can combine and evolve into anisotropic nanostructures through a chemical process in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium borohydride, commonly referred to as the Mirkin method [4]. Recently

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• inappropriate for some applications [13][14][15]. Among various manufacturing techniques, directed electrochemical nanowire assembly (DENA) stands out as a one-step method that enables rapid and tunable fabrication of crystalline metal nanowires [16][17]. In the DENA method, AC power and a metal salt (e.g., Au

• dopamine testing experiments, and all solutions were prepared with 18 MΩ·cm deionized water. A Gamry 1000E potentiostat was used for DPV tests, where the scan range was from −0.2 to 0.7 V, the step value was 2.0 mV, the sample period was 0.5 s, the pulse time was 0.05 s, and the pulse size was 25 mV. To

• electrodes were used as above. The Gamry potentiostat was used for CV tests with scan range from −0.5 to 0.5 V, 30 mV/s, 1 mV step size (1 data point for 1 mV change, 30 data point per second), and four cycles. For noise reduction and statistical considerations, the mean value from the last three cycles were

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• characteristic feature corresponding to the surface state, which appears as a step function around a specific bias value, which for the Au(111) surface appears at around −0.48 V [13][14]. One notable attempt to automate this classification using machine learning (ML) was carried out by Wang et al. [15]. This

• shown in Figure 2. One addition to this method compared to the automated data gathering method described in Barker et al. [19] is the addition of I(z) classifications prior to performing imaging to ensure a tunnelling junction. This acts as a rapid “pre-filtering” step, eliminating tips that do not show

• completing this data gathering step, the tip moves away from the imaging area for a tip preparation event, in order to change the apex substantially before repeating the entire process to collect another dataset with a different tip. Throughout, if the tip is classified as “bad” in either of the I(z