Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT

• controlled through diffusion and changes over time. In the Korsemyer–Peppas model, the values of the exponent of drug release (n) of APT-CD-NP1 to APT-PX-NP8 in acidic medium ranged from 0.723–0.978 with regression coefficients R2 = 0.9870–0.9962, indicating anomalous APT release with non-Fickian diffusion

• (Table 2). Regarding the measurements in PBS (pH 7.4), the value of n of all formulations APT-CD-NP1 to APT-PX-NP8 ranged from 0.542 to 0.943, demonstrating non-Fickian diffusion with anomalous drug transport. The drug release from polymer-based APT-loaded formulations is as follows: When the polymeric

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• polyurethane fibers for biomedical applications PU comes in various forms, including flexible foams, coatings, adhesives, and rigid thermosets [150]. PU is frequently used as a material for constructing nanowebs because of its chemical stability, diffusion coefficients, superior mechanical capabilities, and

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• varying equivalence ratios. The effects of flame equivalence ratio on the CNF morphology and crystallinity are then analyzed systematically. In the present study, a diffusion flame was used to check the stability of the flame at different flow rates, followed by establishing a premixed flat flame of LPG

• an initial diffusion flame to compare the stability to achieve a premixed flame. Flames with different equivalence ratios were systematically used to confirm the feasibility of the synthesis process and the effects of flame conditions on the morphology of the grown CNF. Experimental Preparation of

• placed on a stand. The ideal combustion of the premixed flame was achieved by mixing LPG, oxygen, and nitrogen at 0.18, 0.65, and 1.90 slpm, respectively. The mixture produced a premixed flat flame with a secondary diffusion flame at an equivalence ratio of 1.80. Flame and CNF characterization The

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• interdiffusion at the interface between the CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) alloy film and the Si wafer substrate [24]. This process initiates significant diffusion of Si atoms, starting at the film–substrate interface and extending into the thin film layer, leading to the formation of Si–O bonds. At an annealing

• temperature of 900 °C, Si diffusion intensifies, resulting in an increased thickness of the amorphous silicon oxide layer at the film–substrate interface [24]. The interdiffusion of Si, O, Cd, and Zn atoms near the SiOx layer (i.e., at the substrate–film interface) facilitates the formation of willemite

• Zn2SiO4 nanoparticles [24]. Previous investigations have elucidated that the out-diffusion of Zn2SiO4 nanoparticles from the film–substrate interface to the surface occurs with a larger unit cell volume (1569.22 Å3) compared to CdO (105.29 Å3) and ZnO (47.40 Å3) generating localized pressure [1]. This

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• transfer resistance. A modulation of the Rct magnitude was observed after each modification step on the working electrode of the biosensor (Supporting Information File 1, Figures S2–S6). Finally, the circuit is connected in series to a Warburg element (Wz) representing the diffusion of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4

• the scan rate (Figure 6), suggesting that the reduction and oxidation of the complex [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− is a diffusion-controlled process. The performance of mouse monoclonal influenza A H1N1 hemagglutinin antibodies was tested using sandwich ELISA. They were selected as biorecognition element in our

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• under electron impact or getting trapped by newly adsorbing precursor molecules or diffusing molecules. The deposition process is governed by dissociation, desorption, adsorption, and diffusion mechanisms, all of which are influenced by experimental parameters [31] such as substrate temperature

• geometry is primarily due to surface diffusion processes and directional gas flux adsorption [44][45]. No halo region was observed. The volume growth rate was approximately 0.032 µm3·min−1 or 7.62 × 10−4 µm3·nC−1, with a vertical growth rate of 0.02 nm·s−1. For the STEM analysis, a square deposit was

• , acetaldehyde, and carbon oxide fragments, making the tbaoac ligand favorable for FEBID. Neglecting surface diffusion, the deposition rates νdep (in units of inverse time) and R (in units of distance over time) are given by [23] For the derivation of Equation 1 and for the numerical values used in the following

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• molecular diameter of around 0.3 nm, it can enter the channels of clinoptilolite (maximum opening of 0.31 × 0.75 nm) and mordenite (maximum opening of 0.70 × 0.65 nm), particularly the latter because of the larger channel diameter. The diffusion of reactants (citral and hydrogen) through the zeolite

• is opportune to outline that preliminary experiments [25] conducted under various stirring conditions, catalyst loadings, and grain sizes confirmed the absence of both external and internal diffusion limitations. XRD pattern of the starting zeolite mineral (ZSA) and the materials obtained through

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• diffusion behavior within a temperature range of 330 to 580 °C. They observed the formation of a new cubic Mo2N phase. In addition, they also examined the impact of high ion fluence and temperature on nitrogen implantation in molybdenum with supplementary heating within the temperature range of 500 to 750

• ) exhibit less surface diffusion effects during deposition, promoting better crystal formation and atomic plane organization. The increased film thickness may also enable more volume for the formation of ordered crystalline domains [35][36]. After N2+ implantation, the crystallite size decreased

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• –substrate interactions on scales shorter than the diffusion length. The strength of adsorbate–substrate interaction is defined by both substrate and adsorbed material. Adsorbate–substrate interactions encompass a broad spectrum of physical and chemical phenomena that dictate the initial nucleation

• fundamental factors such as chamber pressure, deposition temperature, energy characteristics, and external influences on the morphology, type, and size of surface structures during growth. A widely adopted approach for mathematical modeling in this context is based on reaction–diffusion models [26][27][28][29

• study of the evolution of a monoatomic layer deposited on a substrate during low-pressure condensation in the framework of a continuous dynamical model of the reaction–diffusion type. This approach allows one to model deposition techniques such as low-pressure CVD (LPCVD) at sub-atmospheric pressures

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• electrode can provide additional details about the electrochemical process. It can help to understand the kinetics of electron transfer reactions, analyte diffusion, and electrode surface contact mechanisms. A modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode with greater impedance is more stable and durable. This provides

• with the scan rate, indicates that the current values proportionally increase with higher scan rates, indicating that the reduction process is controlled by diffusion. Figure 11b displays a graph illustrating the relationship between Ipc (cathodic current) and v1/2 (square root of the scan rate

• ). Clearly, the cathodic peak current demonstrates a linear connection with v1/2, demonstrating diffusion-controlled kinetics [29]. Concentration effect on the peak current or calibration curve Figure 12a illustrates a steady increase in peak current as lead concentration increases. A standard calibration

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , which were also capable of diffusion through artificial mucus. The nanoparticles were not toxic to gastric epithelial cells and can be internalized by the cells within 4 h. The adsorption of nanoparticles onto mucus-secreting gastric cells was found to be correlated with cell number. The delivery system

• polymer enables drug release by diffusion [21]. Eudragit RS30D is the 30% aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RS100, which is promptly used as coating material [22] or within formulations of drug delivery systems with sustained release characteristics [23]. Although the mucoadhesion of this polymer is known

• diffusion [41]. Larger particles may be filtered out, which reduces the absorption of therapeutic agents from the mucosa. Specifically, for this study, obtaining nanoscale Alg nanoparticles was critical since these particles were to be coated with a second polymer, Eudragit RS100, which would lead to

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• steps, namely, condensation, nucleation, and crystallization on the substrate surface. The mobility of atoms on the substrate surface is very much affected by the substrate temperature. At low substrate temperatures, because of the low diffusion rate and low mobility of atoms, columnar microstructures

• form on the substrate surface. With the increase in substrate temperature, mobility and diffusion rate of atoms increase, which results in the evolution of grains that further recrystallize at higher substrate temperatures [28]. The observed variation in the crystallite size is due to changes in

• mobility and diffusion rate of atoms with substrate temperature. The interplanar spacing (dhkl) and lattice constant (a) were calculated for the (111) plane using Bragg’s law [29], where θ represents the Bragg angle, λ is the X-ray wavelength, d is the interplanar spacing, and a is the lattice constant for

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , one can see a faster release from the hybrid structure, which can be again explained by lower TMZ content in the tubes and higher content of surface-bound TMZ in the hybrid structure and the resulting faster diffusion in the dissolution medium. The higher content of surface-bound TMZ in the non

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• neuropathy [125][126]. Currently, ocular drug delivery is the prevalent treatment approach; however, it faces challenges due to drug degradation and obstacles in drug diffusion, rendering the therapy less effective [127][128]. Therefore, ocular drug delivery systems capable of controlled and sustained drug

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• understand the permeability and selectivity properties of membranes. Conventionally, membranes are classified into two categories, namely, organic and inorganic. Organic polymer membranes possess open and flexible structures that facilitates rapid gas diffusion, resulting in excellent permeability but low

• illustrated in Figure 1. Flat sheet membranes, composed of simple homogeneous or heterogeneous porous sheets, are widely used because of their straightforward design and ease of fabrication [80][87], allowing for compound separation through plain membrane diffusion [88]. Figure 4 illustrates the process of

• polymer matrix can help reduce plasticization effects [87][115]. Nevertheless, if rigidification is severe and localized to the polymer surrounding the MOFs, it can greatly decrease MMM permeability as CO2 molecules become restricted in their MOF diffusion [78][114][116]. In a 2004 publication by Moore et

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• , extended carrier diffusion lengths, and adjustable direct bandgaps. Also, there are well-established fabrication techniques that have positioned PSCs as a solution-processable photovoltaic technology [4]. Over the past few years, a significant improvement in the PCE of the PSCs was reported, from 3.8% in

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• instrument to evaluate the electrochemical properties [13][32]. Biological activity of nanoparticles Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs Agar well diffusion was used to measure the antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs. The test isolates were belonged to both classes of Gram variants, including

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• supernatant upon several washing steps. “In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry” studies were undertaken to determine the cell-delivered dose for all culture conditions based on the specific density and size parameters of the bio-nano conjugates [52]. Finally, comprehensive physicochemical

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• with a three-dimensional structure comprising pores and cavities of molecular dimensions. This unique structure enables them to operate as molecular sieves, allowing molecules smaller than the pore size to pass through while blocking the diffusion of larger ones. Furthermore, the physicochemical

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• Alexander Kuprava Michael Huth Physics Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.4 Abstract A fast simulation approach for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) numerically solves the diffusion–reaction equation

• precursor parameters needed for this model. In this work we introduce such a method to derive the precursor sticking coefficient as one member of the precursor parameter set. The method is based on the analysis of the different growth regimes in FEBID, in particular the diffusion-enhanced growth regime in

• the free surface sites. Such an event can be pictured as an interaction where no van der Waals “bond” is established and where the molecule leaves the surface at a time scale much shorter than the residence time τ [4]. In the continuum model, s is one of the model parameters entering the diffusion

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• deep insertion, facilitating greater lipid diffusion. In contrast, AUR does not significantly affect MSD, suggesting that its interaction primarily stabilizes the membrane without substantially altering the lateral dynamics, which is consistent with studies highlighting the role of amphipathic peptides

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method. The model allowed for the simulation of the key parameters of the HFCVD reactor. Also, a thermochemical study of the heterogeneous reaction between the

• , we focus on the simulation and analysis of key steps in a HFCVD deposition process to obtain SiOx films by means of continuity, momentum, heat, and diffusion equations, which were solved numerically by the software COMSOL Multiphysics based on the finite element method; we also carry out a

• surface diffusion to the substrate. The main objective is to optimize the process for an HFCVD reactor and, thus, improve the quality and reproducibility of the films. Experimental The analyzed HFCVD system is a vertical reactor that can be divided into three zones. The first zone is the gas inlet, the

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• confirmed by calculations for iron particles under irradiation. Substances characterized by high vacancy migration energy, small diffusion coefficients of defects, and low temperatures of first-order phase transitions can serve as suitable candidates for radiation-induced phase transitions in nanosystems

• ) the absence of vacancies in the secondary phase, which should be released under irradiation, (ii) the consideration of vacancy diffusion coefficients as constants, rather than exponentially dependent on migration energy and temperature, and (iii) the modeling of thermodynamic parameters, such as the

• vacancies and interstitials, Kd = 57.6/d2), and Dv and Di are the diffusion coefficients for vacancies and interstitials, respectively. In the following, we suggest that defect annihilation in HDCMs is dominated by nanoparticle surface sink effects, where interstitials rapidly migrate to the surface sink

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• conversion of absorbed light into electricity [43]. The carrier diffusion length within PbS CQD solar cells aligns closely with the thickness of the CQD films. This correlation introduces a tradeoff between light absorption and charge transport. As the thickness of the CQD film increases to enhance light

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• highest value has the roughest surface among the three. These results indicate that the substrate type does have an effect on grain size and roughness of Fe3O4 thin films. Tantalum in the multilayer structure prevents the diffusion of oxygen atoms from SiO2 into MgO leading to enhanced stability of MgO

• [24][25]. Besides, there was nearly no oxygen diffusion from the Fe3O4 film into the MgO layer, resulting in higher crystallinity and improved grain size as seen in the XRD patterns. Surface properties obtained from Figure 1 are summarized in Table 1. The crystal structures of the Fe3O4 samples on

• of oxygen diffusion of the Ta buffer layer, sample 3 has the largest grain size (Table 1). These large intergranular regions can enhance the number of magnetic moments, making it harder for them to rotate when an external field is applied. Although the grain size in Fe3O4 thin films on the double