Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• analysis. The surface morphology and roughness of the non-implanted and implanted samples were measured using AFM (Dimension ICON, Bruker) in quantitative nanoscale mechanical (QNM) mode under ambient conditions. A SCANASYST-AIR tip made of nitride with an elastic constant of 0.4 N·m−1 was utilized for the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• unique spatial attributes, with monomeric structures and functional groups, hydrophobic or hydrophilic, that determine its properties [60]. The nature of monomers correlates with polymer crystallinity, which, in turn, defines mechanical strength, swelling, hydrolysis, and biodegradation rates

• transfer throughout the entire polymer matrix. However, in NPs, a balance between amorphous and crystalline states is necessary to optimize mechanical strength and drug release rates. The glass transition temperature reflects the polymer chain’s permeability and mobility, influencing its susceptibility to

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• properties and tissue arrangements for predicting pine cone scale bending in silico. By contributing to a deeper understanding of pine cone scale biomechanics, these results also support the development of bioinspired technical applications. Future studies should refine tissue mechanical properties and

• in the following. To analyze the influence of the mechanical properties, in another simulation of the bilayer, the value of the Young's modulus of the sclerenchyma fibers was adjusted to that of the brown tissue (from 500 to 50 MPa). To analyze the influence of the Young's modulus of the brown tissue

• opening angle than those from the basal part. This may be attributed to variations in tissue composition or mechanical and hygroscopic properties along the cone. In the case of basal scales, our measured opening angle is underestimated due to the chosen method of angle calculation and the strong curvature

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• associated modules. The efficiency of a membrane system is primarily governed by the material used in its construction. Enhancing membranes with functional nanomaterials provides a promising path to boost permeability, reduce fouling, and increase both mechanical and thermal durability, while also enabling

• from aquatic systems. MXenes have emerged as promising materials for antibacterial applications and have shown strong potential for the use in water purification membranes due to their excellent film-forming ability and enhanced mechanical strength. These properties also support their application in

• nanomaterials present several benefits for removing MPs from water. Their exceptionally large surface area and distinct structural features contribute to effective microplastic capture. Materials like CNTs also offer excellent mechanical strength and can be engineered for durability under extreme conditions

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• striking example is the hemiparasitic European mistletoe (Viscum album), which forms a lifelong (over 20 years) connection with its host tree, providing physiological supply and mechanical anchorage. The V-shaped interface between mistletoe and host is characterized by a lignification and cell wall

• gradient that bridges the mechanical differences between the adjacent tissues. These characteristics of the mistletoe–host interface can be transferred to functionally graded polymeric materials. Using extrusion molding and hot pressing, we developed a material system that combines pure and glass-fiber

• failure locations can be introduced, which should have little or no effect on the overall mechanical properties in the regular product environment. A class of materials characterized by a high degree of flexibility and distribution of material properties, which enables locally adapted behavior and, thus

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• transient systems must be optimized to balance electrical performance, biodegradation kinetics, and mechanical integrity. Moreover, to transcend basic sensing and stimulation functions, and to enable capabilities such as computation, memory, and autonomous decision-making, the development of high

• bioresorption in vivo [14]. Zinc has been proposed for use in bioabsorbable vascular stents, demonstrating ideal degradation behavior and mechanical integrity in animal models [51]. AZ31B, along with molybdenum and tungsten, have been investigated as a substrate and conductive layer in transient electronics due

• but also of electrical and mechanical performance. For instance, Mg-3Zn, which suffers from phase separation in bulk form, can be synthesized as a uniform alloy in thin films, offering improved corrosion resistance [61]. Moreover, bioresorbable amorphous metal (metallic glass) films have demonstrated

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• number of benefits from the mechanical and chemical stability of the carbon cloth material, which, together with its low cost and large surface area, make it especially promising for the flexible devices. The results of these experiments are the subject of upcoming works. Conclusion In summary, laser

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• dendrimers on a solid support can also improve the dispersibility, accessibility of binding sites, chemical recyclability, and mechanical stability [16][17]. In fact, dendrimers have been supported by various nanomaterials such as silica, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), broadening their

• application in numerous fields [18][19][20][21][22][23]. CNTs are particularly attractive as support materials due to their high specific surface area, mechanical strength, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity [24][25][26][27]. CNTs themselves have been utilized as adsorbents for removing heavy

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• obtained. These mechanisms play a crucial role in determining the characteristics of the final products, whether they be spherical NPs, QDs, or other nanostructures, depending on the specific goals of the synthesis. NPs exhibit distinct mechanical and physicochemical properties that are influenced by

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• -C monomer, where an Edwards E2M1.5 mechanical vacuum pump was used to maintain the vacuum in the 0.133 to 1.33 Pa range during the process. A CPS VG200 vacuum gauge was used for monitoring the pressure. Usually, 4–6 DENA-grown platinum nanowires on the tips of tungsten rods were placed 45° (from

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• under mechanical agitation [48]. Nevertheless, while these conditions favor the formation of smaller nanodroplets, temperatures above 60 °C may compromise emulsion stability, potentially triggering phase separation or degradation of labile components. This highlights the necessity for stringent

• °36'45.7" W) after the natural fall of the first ripe fruits. The fruit pulp was manually separated from the seeds and preserved until oil extraction. Bocaiúva oil extraction One kilogram of fresh fruit pulp was placed in an Erlenmeyer flask and extracted with n-hexane (1000 mL) by mechanical agitation for

• a 75% ethanol solution. The mixture was stirred on a mechanical shaker for 2 h and allowed to stand in the dark for 24 h. The liquid was then centrifuged at 5000 rpm (LKP, Brazil). Aliquots of 1 mL of the ethanolic phase were used for analysis. The calibration curve was constructed using the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• cosmetic industries. The current major gaps in research regarding these biopackaging materials are their low mechanical strength and the introduction of functional additives to enhance their range of applications. In this paper, a biopackaging material is formulated using polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol as

• a plasticizer, rice straw-derived nanocellulose as a mechanical property enhancer and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion as the main functional ingredient for strawberry preservation. With the combination of nanocellulose and Pickering emulsion, this study finds that the packaging material

• exhibits good heat-resistance, mechanical, and water-barrier properties. At an emulsion concentration as low as 10% (v/w) in the casting solution, high UV absorbance capacity (up to 100% UVC), high antibacterial activity (92.4% Escherichia coli inhibition), and good antioxidative properties (up to 43% DPPH

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• properties to a gel previously composed of a more rigid and brittle network, a double network gel with an IPN structure is obtained. This approach significantly contributes to improving the mechanical properties and stability of the system [43][52]. Synthetic polymers, including acrylates [53], acrylamide

• regeneration due to their environment, which allows the modulation of cellular behavior [181][182][183]. The three-dimensional structure, along with cell permeability and mechanical stability, also qualifies hydrogels as useful drug carriers. Hydrogels have been used for dermal applications due to their

• mechanical strength [53], high drug upload [40], controlled drug release [100], and site-specific drug delivery [184] for both topical [48] and transdermal administration [116]. Some examples of the dermal application of hydrogels as drug carriers include cutaneous wound healing [40][41][42] and autoimmune

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• , which can be tailored through rational design. By precisely controlling their size, shape, synthesis conditions, and functionalization, nanomaterials can achieve extraordinary magnetic, electrical, optical, mechanical, sensing, anticancer, and photocatalytic properties that significantly differ from

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• , S.L.P. México 10.3762/bjnano.16.86 Abstract Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force–volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic

• (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions. Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response

• from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• , adhesive, and durable TiO2 coatings with improved optical and mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring enhanced wear resistance. Keywords: electron beam evaporation; ion beam-assisted deposition; mechanical properties; nanocrystalline anatase; optical properties; TiO2 coatings

• -assisted deposition (IBAD), which is the bombardment of a thin film with a beam of energetic particles during deposition, is an excellent technique for modifying the microstructure and optical, mechanical, and tribological properties of thin film coatings [8][9][10][11]. This energetic process offers many

• wavelength range of 250–1000 nm. As in our previous work [25], nanoindentation and wear resistance tests were used to determine the mechanical and tribological properties of the prepared coatings. The hardness of the prepared coatings was determined by nanoindentation using a CSM Instruments nanoindenter

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• process involving osteoblastic replacement and resorption by osteoclastic cells to maintain structural integrity and mechanical properties of the bone tissue as it grows. However, in cases of fracture or degeneration, the natural self-regeneration process or inherent piezoelectricity of the body may not

• structural changes [2]. Bone has an intrinsic regenerative capacity, enabling new bone formation after injury through the piezoelectric properties of its natural collagen structure. The piezoelectricity of bone tissue facilitates regeneration by converting mechanical stimuli into electrical signals. This

• stimulate electrically excitable cells without requiring an external power source, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications such as treating cardiac arrhythmias and promoting bone regeneration [17][18]. Mechanical stimulation, notably ultrasound (US), can induce a piezoelectric response in

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• as new organic solid electrolyte materials. However, their practical application remains elusive due to insufficient mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Yoshizawa-Fujita and colleagues introduced a lithium salt, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide, and an inorganic solid electrolyte

• , Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), into the organic ionic plastic crystal N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide [249]. The fabricated organic–inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte underwent a series of evaluations, including thermal, mechanical, and electrochemical analyses, with the objective of elucidating the

• crystals can serve as valuable design platforms for soft materials nanoarchitectonics. Polymer nanoarchitectonics Polymers exhibit a range of mechanical properties, including those that render them malleable and pliant, thus making them suitable for utilization as soft materials. Moreover, there is a

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi Krzysztof Bajer Ludmila Dulebova Nickolas Polychronopoulos Oksana Krasinska Daniel Kaczor Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute of Polymer Materials, 55 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice

• , Masiarska 74 St., 04001 Košice, Slovakia Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica, 250 Thivon & P. Ralli, Egaleo 12241, Athens, Greece 10.3762/bjnano.16.76 Abstract Recent advances in nanocomposite technology, particularly the incorporation of carbon nanotubes, have shown promise in

• mechanical strength and stiffness, improved the tribological properties by reducing friction, and increased the crystallization temperature. However, it also resulted in a decrease in elasticity. Morphological analysis confirmed the uniform dispersion of the nanotubes. These findings underscore the potential

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• within a liquid environment. Potential applications of UED include investigating the non-thermal heating of water molecules surrounding NPs, which occurs on femtosecond to picosecond timescales, as well as examining the response of the water environment to heat transfer and the mechanical work performed

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• artefacts such as (mechanical) hysteresis effects caused by the elastic behaviour of the measuring tip or the mechanical components of the SPM setup, as well as repeated displacements of the object during the scan of each line. Drift phenomena are considerable, too, which are primarily caused by the lateral

• isolated mitochondria. Remarkably, the geometric and mechanical properties of microtubules are comparable to those of the nanopipette. Microtubules are hollow structures with an opening diameter of 18 nm and a total diameter of 25–30 nm [42][43]. Their pushing force, in the range of 3–4 pN [44], is similar

• to the hydrodynamic forces exerted by the nanopipette. Beyond mechanical similarities, microtubules and the nanopipette also share key “biophysical” properties. Both surfaces are strongly negatively charged, with ζ-potentials ranging from −30 to −60 mV [45]. Therefore, both exhibit a laterally mobile

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• retention of the device improved over the first 4000 cycles as the electrolyte ions gradually permeated the electrode pores, activating both the anode and cathode materials. A slight decline in the capacitance retention was primarily attributed to the progressive mechanical deformation of the electrode

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• in a honeycomb fashion enabled this special class of materials to exhibit desirable characteristics, such as enhanced electrical conductivity, higher mechanical strength, elevated surface area, and high thermal and chemical stability. Owing to such improved characteristics, graphene materials