Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• method for nanoscale capacitance characterization at arbitrary frequencies above the second cantilever resonance. Besides a high spatial resolution, the key advantage of the multifrequency approach of MFH-EFM is that it measures the second-order capacitance gradient at almost arbitrary frequencies

• nanoscale systems across materials science, biology, and nanotechnology, complementing established methods in the field. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; capacitance gradients; dielectric constant; dielectric spectroscopy; heterodyne frequency mixing; Kelvin probe force microscopy; multifrequency AFM

• understanding of material properties, particularly at the nanoscale, where phenomena such as quantum confinement, interface effects, and defect dynamics play a critical role. Innovations in characterization techniques have enabled researchers to explore these properties with unprecedented precision, paving the

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• effects noted in water-assisted graphene etching [11]. While controlling the purity of deposits appears more straightforward, achieving precise nanoscale shapes remains challenging, particularly when structures are fabricated in close proximity. Experimental results demonstrate that FEBID, followed by

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• that respond to light are novel technologies in medicine. They are administered to improve the healing of wounds by responding to particular light wavelengths. Such sophisticated materials are enabled by micro- and nanoscale structures that enhance their tissue interactions and provide more focused

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• detection and treatment of AβOs in AD. Because of their nanoscale size, NMs can interact with biological systems in ways that traditional treatments cannot. Their unique properties such as high surface area, quantum effects, and specific physicochemical traits make them ideal for developing advanced

• potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers for early AD detection [81][82]. Researchers are exploring the potential of exosomes as diagnostic tools, leveraging their ability to carry these pathological proteins. Exosomes hold significant diagnostic potential because of their nanoscale size and the distinct

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , which implies that electron transfer at the electrode surface was enhanced, increasing the redox reversibility for the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− pair. CSPEs are reported to possess a rough surface at the nanoscale [34]. The electrodeposition technique employed takes advantage of this to control the nucleation

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• desalination technology [4][5][6]. Computational methods have been employed to enhance the understanding of nanoscale desalination processes. In this context, the use of molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations allows for the study of the physics involved in nanostructured membrane materials designed to

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• nanopatterning and nanoscale functionalization have garnered significant interest, owing to their broad applications in DNA origami [10], tuning of wettability [11] and electrical and magnetic anisotropy [12][13], isolated dot formation [1], nanoscale plasmonic arrays [14], and field emission [15]. Thus, ion

• beam current varies with different ion energies [29][30]. This article focuses on optimizing the beam current generated by a cost-effective microwave-based ECR ion source and the subsequent development of nanoscale patterns on the surface of silicon. The relationship between the beam current and

• formation of well-defined nanoscale ripple patterns. The prominence of ripple structures increases with prolonged irradiation time, while bombardment at 72.5° with the same ion beam parameters leads to the coarsening of nanostructures. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• response, and have a vast range of uses. Zinc oxide shows excellent features, such as nanoscale particles, highly crystalline nature, tunable shape, size and density, and a high aspect ratio. In summary, ZnO nanoparticles offer a versatile platform for technological advancements across fields such as

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• . Bioinspired nanotechnology plays a crucial role by harnessing nanoscale properties and processes to create highly effective surfaces and interfaces at various scales. In May 2023, the Beilstein Nanotechnology Symposium “Functional Micro- and Nanostructured Surfaces: from Biology to Biomimetics” gathered

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• . Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed that the average hydrodynamic radius of the PEG–PCL NPs was 229.5 nm, confirming their nanoscale dimensions. This finding aligns with previously reported studies that detail the properties of PEG–PCL NPs in similar applications [29]. The polydispersity index

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, which may result in more contact points with the tissue and increased mucoadhesion [27]. In addition, a nanoscale size leads to improved penetration through the pores of the mucin network, which have a size of approximately 500 nm [9][28], enhanced retention

• within the mucus because of stronger interaction [29], and better and uniform distribution throughout the gastric mucosa [2]. The motivation behind the current study, therefore, was to synthesize a nanoscale drug delivery system with mucoadhesive properties in an attempt to achieve improved gastric

• used for nanoparticle preparation. The nanoscale size is particularly important in mucoadhesive systems designed for gastric delivery because of the mesh-like structure of gastric mucus. Since the pore size in gastric mucus is around 500 nm [9], the smaller the nanoparticle, the better the mucus

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• capabilities of cancer cells. The results indicate that the interplay between DDR and autophagy pathways may open new paradigms for developing effective combinatorial nanoscale drug systems against multidrug-resistance cancers. Keywords: A549 cells; autophagy; chloroquine; DNA damage; graphene oxide

• ). Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a, reveals the appearance of characteristic bands around 230 nm and 295 nm for GO which corresponds to π–π* and n–π* electronic transitions, respectively. The observed high intensity π–π* plasmon peak around 230 nm is attributed to well-defined nanoscale sp2 hybrid π

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• %) [11]. Therefore, nanotechnology has been applied to solve this problem. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of nanoscale materials are significantly different from those of their larger counterparts. As a result, numerous studies have been conducted to apply nanotechnology to obtain

• demonstrated superior efficiency in producing nanoscale berberine. Tran et al. employed the ball milling technique to produce BerNPs, achieving a particle size of 570.7 nm [23]. Piri et al. utilized the anti-solvent precipitation method, yielding BerNPs with an average particle size of 75 nm [24]. BerNPs were

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• recent years, electrospinning has attracted significant attention from scientists because of its easy process [1]. Electrospinning can fabricate polymeric fibers ranging from the micro- to the nanoscale [2]. It is an easy, simple, and low-cost technique that does not require heat, an important factor for

• nanocomposites have been produced through the substantial utilization of nanoparticles. The development of fibrous nanocomposites or bio-nanocomposites, where the matrix and/or fillers are biomaterials, has been advanced in recent years by introducing nanoscale materials into electrospun fibers in the form of

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• efficiency in comparison to α-Bi2O3. Nevertheless, the inherent instability of β-Bi2O3 presents a formidable obstacle in the development of uncomplicated techniques for producing pure β-Bi2O3, particularly at the nanoscale. The photocatalytic efficiency of Bi2O3 is inadequate for decomposing antibiotics

• without modification with suitable dopants. Chen and his colleagues [86] synthesized nanoscale Bi2O3 and observed little degradation of TC. Modification of Bi2O3 with MnO2, changed the morphology from nanorods to nanosheets. This nanosheet structure showed a higher TC removal efficiency than pure Bi2O3

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• , making them ideal candidates for serving as carrier materials [6]. Additionally, nanoscale carrier materials offer the advantage of high loading capacity, remarkable stability, and the ability to enhance rhizobacterial resilience against drought conditions. Moreover, they provide convenience in both

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• nanometals can be swiftly heated to temperatures around 100 °C using low-energy laser pulses of specific wavelength. This rapid heating effectively evaporates a limited amount of water in the adjacent nanoscale region, forming vapor nanobubbles (VNBs) (see below in Figure 2c) [50]. The swift expansion and

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ultrastructural changes in macrophages, providing nanoscale insights into inflammation. The efficiency of gold NP (AuNP)-loaded macrophages as a targeted delivery system was tested in an ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model. Findings showed significant macrophage–NP interactions, highlighting the potential of

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, USA Seven Past Nine GmbH, Rebacker 68, 79650 Schopfheim, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.7 Abstract Nanosafety assessment, which seeks to evaluate the risks from exposure to nanoscale materials, spans materials synthesis and

• approach and the tool are highlighted. Keywords: data collection and quality control; data provenance; experimental workflow visualisation; FAIR; nanomaterial life cycle stages; study design; Introduction The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale and the emergence of nanoscale materials, whose

• taken up and continued in MACRAMÉ and other recently funded advanced materials projects. As demonstrated here, the use of instance maps to visualise material transformations has evolved into a powerful tool that extends beyond curation and beyond engineered nanoscale materials. Indeed, researchers have

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• , is nowadays a well-established tool for the investigation of nanoscale phenomena. The technique is steadily developed to increase accuracy, precision, and versatility; some of these developments are presented in contributions to this thematic issue. Along these lines, Dickbreder et al. address the

• not involving any tip–surface interaction. The measurement of electrostatic properties at the nanoscale emerged as a most relevant subfield of atomic force microscopy, especially driven by electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), and closely related techniques

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• ], heavy metal removal [11][12], sensor technologies [13][14][15][16], and biomedical applications [17]. Nanoscale materials represent a thriving field of research with a wide range of potential applications. Today, it is generally recognized that properties like hardness, reactivity, toxicity, and optical

• response are intricately linked to factors such as the chemical composition, particle size, structure, and geometry of these materials [18][19][20]. Hence, it is generally undesirable for nanoscale materials to undergo structural alterations because of environmental exposure or to change their properties

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• ; Introduction Nanoscale fabrication of free-form structures via methods like focused electron or ion beam induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) requires precise beam control and sufficient knowledge of key properties of the precursor material used [1]. In addition, a reliable prediction of the expected deposit shape

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• manipulation of matter on a nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm [2]. At this scale, nanoparticles can effectively interact with DNA and protein molecules [3][4]. Matter can exhibit distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties at the nanoscale compared to the macroscale, with significant

• therapeutical characteristics as demonstrated in Figure 1-1. In the field of drug delivery, properties such as size, surface-to-volume ratio, and biocompatibility have driven the development of nanoscale-based devices [6][7][8][9]. Nanocompounds offer a strategic approach to addressing or at least improving the

• new opportunity for personalized therapies [12][18][19]. Here, we explored the implications of biomimetic nanostructured carriers and their applications in human health. Biomimetic Nanocarriers The principle of biomimetic nanocarriers involves coating nanoscale carriers with materials capable of

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• its composition [14][15][16]. The nanoscale level of the spatial organisation of mucilage observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the complexity of the mucilage with special features, such as 3D organisation of polysaccharides in a net-like structure [7][13]. In the last years, the

• diaspore (seeds and fruits) mucilage envelope produced by different plants (monocotyledons and dicotyledons) [2][4][6][16][22][36][37]. The mucilage envelope can be described as nanoscale 3D self-assembled fibrillar network, which is able to entrap water and to form a so-called molecular gel after

• and its compression to a transparent, thin layer tightly adhering to substrates (stone or glass). In this form of mucilage, long, tangled or parallel organised cellulose fibrils can be recognised under the high magnification of a SEM [7][13][73]. The observation of the 3D nanoscale organisation of the

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• challenges associated with human health. Nanotechnology offers great opportunities in medicine because of the physicochemical properties at the nanoscale. There are efforts to apply unique quantum phenomena at the nanoscale in the fields of medicine, biomedical sciences, bioengineering, food technology