N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• University, Kurukshetra, ensuring comprehensive and accurate characterization of the properties of Mo thin films. Results and Discussion SRIM-TRIM simulation The “Stopping & Range of Ions in Matter and Transport of Ions in Matter” (SRIM-TRIM) simulation software was used to quantitatively estimate

• may influence the electrical properties. As the thickness changes, the internal stress distribution could lead to impediments in electron transport, causing slight deviations from linearity. Nitrogen ions create defects, vacancies, or impurities in the molybdenum film, acting as scattering centers for

• charge carriers. Ion implantation may also create localized states within the film, causing some charge carriers to become trapped. This affects the charge transport mechanism, leading to slight nonlinearities. The ion implantation causes modifications in the grain structure of the molybdenum thin films

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• potential and is particularly effective for operations involving very-low-energy ions. This grid enables ions to decelerate and traverse a field-free region near the source, ensuring minimal perturbations to the ion beam and facilitating precise ion transport. Results and Discussion Optimization of ion

• extents of near-surface mass transport by the surface-confined ion-enhanced viscous flow [46]. Here, up to an ion incidence angle of 58°, the surface becomes unstable under 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment. Due to sputtering, a well-defined ripple formation is found after 1 h of 450 eV Ar-ion bombardment. With

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• other microscope components, such as the piezoelement, are under UHV conditions. The reactor volume is connected to two gas capillaries that transport gas in and out of the sealed reactor. The gas is then analyzed during the reaction by means of a QMS, which is directly connected to the exit channel of

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• Eudragit polymer. Particle size and zeta potential distribution The particle size distribution is an important parameter in drug delivery applications because it determines the transport across membranes. The Z-average diameters of Alg NPs and EudAlg NPs were 206.14 ± 32.31 and 219.22 ± 41.61 nm

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• transport properties. Therefore, it is of interest to study the magnetization reversal processes in a sample under conditions that allow for vortex clustering. Additionally, the process becomes more complicated in the presence of pinning centers. An effective method for research is the Monte Carlo method

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• and creating a high density of graphitic edges on the surfaces of carbon fibers [22]. Our process provides a carbon support material with retained porosity that does not slow mass transport in electrode processes [22], with a high surface area of carbon of 468 cm2 per geometric cm2 [23], derived from

• not obfuscate the electrical characteristics [2]. The other circuit elements are the electrolyte resistance (Rel, the x-axis intercept), which was small because of the high ionic conductivity of the 1.0 M aqueous KHCO3 electrolyte, the Warburg impedance (Zw) due to mass transport limitations of the

• primarily allow the passage of anions, proton transport or leakage, can occur because of the inherent structure and presence of water within the membrane [72][73][74]. This way, anodically generated protons can cross over into the cathode compartment and produce CO2 from bicarbonate. At a constant current

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• carrier transport, ZnTe can be used as a buffer layer in CdTe-based solar cells for back contact. Moreover, n-type zinc telluride films can be used in the window layer as a substitute for CdS [6]. Zinc telluride films are highly resistive with a resistivity of about several megaohm·centimetres [7]. The

• of films with substrate temperature [42]. Grain boundaries have a significant effect on the electric transport properties in polycrystalline films. Grain boundaries are growth process-dependent phenomena and have a large number of charge-trapping centres. Thus, grain boundaries reduce the mobility of

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -based propidium iodide uptake analysis The efficacy of nanomedicines mainly depends upon the effective cellular internalization and their transport to the appropriate intercellular effector site [52][53]. Studies have shown that based on its size and surface characteristics (i.e., hydrophilicity or

• hydrophobicity, and C/O ratio) GO is internalized via clathrin or caveolae-mediated endocytosis and micropinocytosis [53]. The exposure to nanomaterials is known to affect plasma membrane integrity, which in turn initiates various metabolic processes, such as ineffective nutrient transport, unspecific molecular

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• photocatalytic systems differ from direct Z-scheme systems by incorporating an electron mediator between the two semiconductors. This mediator facilitates the transport and separation of electrons and holes. However, the inclusion of an ionic electron transport medium in the traditional Z-scheme photocatalytic

• materials as photocatalysts. GO has attracted interest as another metal-free carbon material, owing to its two-dimensional ultrathin layered structure, robust stability, and remarkable capacity to transport charge carriers [110]. When coupled with suitable semiconductor materials or modified to other forms

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• enable transport and delivery to brain tumors. Inorganic nanostructures as TMZ carriers have shown several advantages compared to organic ones with respect to physicochemical stability and potency/cytotoxic activity, overcoming their main disadvantages, that is, hydrophobicity/fluidity and toxicity by

• release was also provided through loading TMZ in a hybrid compound of carbon quantum dots, chitosan, polyethylene oxide, and carboxymethyl cellulose–polyvinyl alcohol (CS-PEO-CQDs/CMC-PVA) via coaxial spinning, and a transport system of CMC-PVA coating and CS-PEO-CQDs core was formed [41][42]. In a study

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• maintain their viability over time [4]. Consequently, the characteristics of the carrier material used to transport rhizobacteria are critical in determining their survival and successful colonization within both soil and root systems. This, in turn, contributes to the development of biofertilizers as a

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• of MOF-based MMMs in a general context have been published by Lin et al. [27] and Kitao and coworkers [28]. Focusing on gas separation in general, Daglar et al. [29] have summarized computational approaches to simulate gas transport in thin-film MOF membranes and MOF-based MMMs. With an emphasis on

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• , that is, La2NiMnO6 (LNMO), is studied with the organic and inorganic hole transport layers (HTLs) Cu2O and PEDOT:PSS. Our study yields a significant improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells with two types of HTLs. The optimized devices achieved a maximum PCE of

• performance. Keywords: double perovskite solar cell (DPSC); electron transport layer (ETL); hole transport layer (HTL); SCAPS-1D; simulation; Introduction The rapid growth of the world population has increased the global need for energy, which has become undoubtedly quite strong. To date, the energy

• 2009 to 26.1% in 2023 [5][6]. PSCs consist of an absorber layer sandwiched between charge transport layers (CTLs), that is, the hole transport layer (HTL) and the electron transport layer (ETL). Light generates excitons, which further dissociate into electrons and holes. The electrons and holes are

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• NCs to transport drugs, mRNAs, and other therapeutic agents directly to the site of pathology represents a significant advancement in medical treatment modalities. This approach can significantly support the shift towards more targeted and efficient therapeutic strategies. This progress results from

• transport across membranes, and extend circulation times. These advantages could reduce the negative effects of off-target drug accumulation and improve the release to the disease sites compared to current delivery systems [6]. Despite the expected applications in the biomedical field, the journey of NPs

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• (reaction engineering, transport of diluted species, laminar flow, and chemistry interface), create the geometry of the sensor within a gas chamber, and select the materials. We then set up the physics with boundary conditions, mesh the geometry using tetrahedral and triangular elements, and define study

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• reduction currents and increased peak oxidation, indicating rapid electron transport at the contacts between the electrolyte and electrode. Pseudo-capacitive behavior was observed in both electrolytes, where ionic conductivity influenced capacitance [17][18]. The addition of dextrose increased the redox

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• (continuum model) of the precursor surface on the growing nanostructure in conjunction with a Monte Carlo simulation for electron transport in the growing deposit. An important requirement in this regard is to have access to a methodology that can be used to systematically determine the values for the set of

• distinct deposit shapes evolve in accordance with the deposition regime (Figure 1) as governed by the balance between the four processes in Equation 1. The first case with a flat-top deposit is typical for the precursor- or mass-transport-limited regime (MTL). In this case, precursor replenishment by

• transport. The depth of the indent can be controlled by the degree of the beam defocus, although there is a lower limit of the indent depth. With a significantly wide beam, the indent reaches its maximum depth and evolves into a plateau (Figure 2). In such a case, all diffusing precursor molecules are

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• order to assess the intracellular transport of various nanoformulations, subcellular colocalization was carried out following the methodology proposed by Torres-Vanegas et al. with adaptations [37]. Specifically, Unmodified-Lipo, SO-Lipo, and AUR-Lipo were utilized, incorporating the fluorescent

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• parameters of the heterogeneous reaction between H° in the gas phase and quartz to describe its behavior as a function of temperature at constant pressure. The thermodynamic data obtained and those taken from the bibliography will be used in the Arrhenius equation to calculate the thermodynamic and transport

• properties of the system in the gas phase in a dimensionless and temporal model. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the mixture will permit a study in the steady state considering the dimensions of the HFCVD reactor and the deposition parameters through numerically solving the equations of

• were calculated through data obtained below from Table 2 and using Equation 5: where ΔG is the change in the Gibbs energy and R is the gas constant. The equations in the spatial model The used model assumes conservative species transport by diffusion and convection through a mass balance as described

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• such as: loss of stability, low efficiency in crossing biological barriers, inadequate efficacy in reaching target active molecules, and poor biodistribution [13][14]. Nanocarriers are employed to transport raw materials, which can be vesicles or solid nanoparticles [15]. Despite the significant

• (B), characteristics of cell membranes (C), and biomimetic nanocarriers (D). Created in BioRender. Sodré, B. (2024) https://BioRender.com/n85g617. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Action of biomimetic nanocarriers. Inorganic and organic nanoparticles with transport function (A); target with

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• distances between islands or continents [28][118]. Plants developed diverse morphological mechanisms for the diaspore transport. One of the ways of promoting long-distance dispersal is the proper interaction between the plant diaspores and animals [118][119][120]. Epizoochory is the way of diaspore

• transport on animals due to the presence of interlocking structures or sticky viscous substances, which allow for attachment to the animal body [118][119][121]. The mucilage envelope is one of the factors enabling short- and long-distance dispersal of diaspores. Many authors working on mucilaginous seeds

• for successful dispersal. Animals contribute in the dispersal of plant diaspores, spreading them over short or long distances [120][151][152][153][154]. One of the most effective ways of seed transport by animals is endozoochory. The seeds are ingested, pass through the animal digestive system, and

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• xenobiotics to enhance the expression of transport proteins during prolonged exposure, correlating with studies by Belinskaia and colleagues [60]. The combined effect of Fe3O4 NPs with 70% ethanol extract of T. polium and its component rutin leads to suppression of GPx activity, which may be associated either

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• cannot move from the valence to the conduction band even when strain is applied. This direct bandgap allows the most efficient transport of charge carriers and easy recombination of electrons and holes, indicating its suitability in quantum computing, which requires semiconductors with direct bandgaps. ψ

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• ][53][54]. An ideal precursor candidate would have sufficient volatility and stability for the transport of intact gas phase precursor molecules during the process. The ligands should readily and cleanly be liberated from the precursor upon irradiation to provide a metallic deposit in the path of the