Functional dependence of resonant harmonics on nanomechanical parameters in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano,
• Enrique Rull Trinidad,
• Urs Staufer and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 883–891, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.90

• experiments confirm the predicted dependence in the explored 3–45 N/m force constant range and 2–345 GPa sample’s stiffness range. For force constants around 25 N/m, the amplitude of the 6th harmonic exhibits the largest sensitivity for ultrasharp tips (tip radius below 10 nm) and polymers (Young’s modulus

• experimental parameters, such as the tip radius (R) and the Young’s modulus of the sample (E). A list of well-accepted models can be found in the literature, including the most widely used Hertz, Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) and Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) models, describing the analytical dependence on

• tip radius, free oscillation amplitude, cantilever stiffness and sample Young’s modulus. Because of the low amplitudes of the involved harmonics (well below 1 nm), we concentrate on the repulsive regime of the tip–sample interaction and on those harmonics close to flexural eigenmodes of rectangular

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• curing to create a 33% nanoporous organosilicate material with a nominal Young’s modulus of 5 GPa [36]. The pitch quarter patterning process consisted of first depositing on the nanoporous organosilicate a quad-layer film stack consisting of a backbone layer, an anti-reflection coating, a second backbone

• spectra at 60 nN applied force of the first two eigenmodes from the same unpatterned film, 500 nm fins, and 90 nm fins that were measured in (a). The arrows indicate the frequency shifts of the two eigenmodes from air to contact. SiC–H3 absorbance (AFM-IR) and Young’s modulus (CR-AFM) as functions of the

• feature size for unpatterned and patterned nanoporous organosilicates. Note: the error bars for the AFM-IR SiC–H3 absorbance represents the maximum variability observed from spectra acquired at different sites with the same feature size. The details of the errors associated with the CR-AFM Young’s modulus

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• times the Young’s Modulus of a bare CNT sheet [40]. Emerging applications for ultrathin polymer films on nanostructured high aspect ratio structures include various energy storage devices and soft electronics. For instance, silicon based anodes are of interest for lithium ion batteries since Li–Si

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• flexibility, and extraordinary electronic quality, and its superior thermal and mechanical properties [2][3]. Graphene exhibits high mechanical strength (>1060 GPa) and an exceptional Young’s modulus of 1 TPa [4]. Furthermore, single layer graphene is the strongest material ever tested [5]. It also exhibits

Optimizing qPlus sensor assemblies for simultaneous scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy operation based on finite element method analysis

• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 657–666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.70

• values used for Young’s modulus E, the density ρ, Poisson’s ratio υ, and the damping coefficient η for all materials considered in the modeling, with values for quartz, epoxy glue, and Macor chosen as in [26] while the ones for gold and tungsten were taken from the material library of the simulation

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• , from consumer devices [3] to biomedical in vivo applications [4][5]. Among all the two-dimensional materials, graphene is one of the most appealing to be used as a flexible, conductive membrane, given its Young’s modulus on the order of TPa and large spring constant (1–5 N/m) [6]. Besides its high

Graphene–polymer coating for the realization of strain sensors

• Carmela Bonavolontà,
• Carla Aramo,
• Massimo Valentino,
• Giampiero Pepe,
• Sergio De Nicola,
• Gianfranco Carotenuto,
• Angela Longo,
• Mariano Palomba,
• Simone Boccardi and
• Carosena Meola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 21–27, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.3

• corresponds to the maximum bending of the slat during the experiment. The force F was estimated by assuming E = 3.8 GPa for the Young’s modulus value of PMMA [12], and a moment of inertia Ics = wh3/12, where w = 0.02 m and h = 3 × 10 −3 m are the width and thickness of PMMA/graphene sample, respectively, and

When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

• Niall Crawford,
• Thomas Endlein,
• Jonathan T. Pham,
• Mathis Riehle and
• W. Jon P. Barnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.201

• difficult. The pads of tree frogs are very soft and so should deform to mould around rough surfaces, as is seen in smooth padded insects [17]. The Young’s modulus of the toe pads has been measured in several studies, an elastic modulus of 40–55 kPa based on AFM indentation being the most recent estimate [18

• known size, which can lead to estimates of the Young’s modulus of tree frog toe pads. A similar analysis was used by Lorenz et al. [35], who studied the influence of contamination particles on the adhesion of viscoelastic materials. Using interference reflection microscopy, which allows one to estimate

Effective intercalation of zein into Na-montmorillonite: role of the protein components and use of the developed biointerfaces

• Ana C. S. Alcântara,
• Margarita Darder,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1772–1782, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.170

• . Similar results were observed in the STH/Z-MMT_S2 film, showing a Young’s modulus of 0.5 GPa, around twice that of the pristine starch film (0.2 GPa). This value is slightly higher than those reported for thermoplastic starch matrices reinforced by cationic starch-modified montmorillonite [27], probably

• separation in absolute ethanol, while the PCT phase was firstly solubilized in 80% (v/v) ethanol/water. The polyacrylamide gels at 20% were silver-stained for band visualization. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties, Young’s modulus (E) and elongation at break, of the bionanocomposite film samples

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• and water content of the gel [114]. In the elastomer polymer, only the cross-linking density is varied. The stiffness of PDMS is modified by altering the ratio between monomer and curing agent, curing temperature, and curing time [114][115][166]. The Young’s modulus of PDMS can vary from 0.1 kPa [114

Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons

• Tom Masselter,
• Tobias Haushahn,
• Samuel Fink and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1602–1619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.154

• , Young’s modulus and tensile strength of the vascular bundles in Dracaena marginata. These analyses allowed for generating a model for the mechanical interaction of tissues and vascular bundles of the stem in D. marginata as well as filling major “white spots” in property charts for biological materials

• (see below), the variations of the axial Young’s modulus and the tissue densities at different radial and axial positions are assessed (Figure 2B). On a second hierarchical level, the Young’s moduli and the tensile strengths of individual fibrous vascular bundles of D. marginata are investigated

• . marginata, secondary vessels (Figure 1C) are formed at the border between the central cylinder and the surrounding cortex. Results 1 Young’s modulus of five different monocotyledons Results for the Young’s modulus from experimental setup one (see paragraph 1 in section ’Experimental’) after measurements in

Fracture behaviors of pre-cracked monolayer molybdenum disulfide: A molecular dynamics study

• Qi-lin Xiong,
• Zhen-huan Li and
• Xiao-geng Tian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1411–1420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.132

• ][12][13][14]. Jiang et al. [15] presented a parameterization of the Stillinger–Weber (SW) potential to describe the interatomic interactions within single-layer MoS2 (SLMoS2). And based on this potential, they studied chirality, size, and strain effects on the Young’s modulus and the thermal

• fracture strength of pre-cracked MoS2 sheet is where E is Young’s modulus, γs is the surface energy and F(w,a,a) is a function depending on the geometry parameters as defined in Equation 2. In Equation 2 a denotes a half of crack length, w is a half of MoS2 sheet width, and α is the kink angle of crack tip

• . However, due to the significant difference between the fracture surface of different simulations, the surface energy varies dramatically (0.5–10 J/m2). With Young’s modulus calculated above and taking the surface energy of MoS2 sheet to be 5 J/m2 for calculating, the results obtained from three continuum

Influence of ambient humidity on the attachment ability of ladybird beetles (Coccinella septempunctata)

• Lars Heepe,
• Jonas O. Wolff and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1322–1329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.123

• high amounts of water [47]. Peisker et al. [46] showed a 6000-fold increase in the Young’s modulus of the setal tips after drying. Consequently, the degree of hydration should also significantly affect the mechanical properties of the setae of the beetles in the present study and may also explain our

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• with the membrane. It has also been observed lately in an experimental setup for polymersomes and silica NPs [15][34]. Here notably the diameter of the particles was larger but also other parameters differ from our investigation in live cells like, i.e., the Young’s modulus of the polymersomes was much

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• polybutadiene [13][14]. Fully hydrated resilin has a rather low stiffness. In the elastic tendons of dragonflies and locust ligaments mentioned above, it was found to have a Young’s modulus of 0.6–0.7 MPa and 0.9 MPa, respectively [11]. In addition, fully hydrated resilin can be stretched to more than three

• reflected by gradients of the mechanical properties of the respective resilin-containing composites. The material composition of adhesive tarsal setae of beetles (Figure 2B) represents a good example for such gradients. Recently, the Young’s modulus of such setae was measured along the longitudinal axis of

• the setae (Figure 2C). The measurements revealed that the Young’s modulus of the material in the most distal section of each seta is relatively low (1.2 ± 0.3 MPa), whereas it is considerably higher at the setal base (6.8 ± 1.2 GPa). The differences in the Young’s modulus between different regions

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• ][49]. Loos et al. used different concentrations of acetone (0, 7, 10, 13 wt %) to produce epoxy samples [50]. They observed that fracture strain, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus significantly dropped, which was attributed to residual acetone. The degradation in mechanical properties was in

Generalized Hertz model for bimodal nanomechanical mapping

• Aleksander Labuda,
• Marta Kocuń,
• Waiman Meinhold,
• Deron Walters and
• Roger Proksch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 970–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.89

• theory presented in the following three sections. Methods Hertzian contact mechanics The Hertzian contact model involves the interaction stiffness kint versus indentation depth δ between a paraboloidal tip of radius R and a flat sample as where the effective Young’s modulus Eeff combines deformation of

Cantilever bending based on humidity-actuated mesoporous silica/silicon bilayers

• Christian Ganser,
• Gerhard Fritz-Popovski,
• Roland Morak,
• Parvin Sharifi,
• Benedetta Marmiroli,
• Barbara Sartori,
• Heinz Amenitsch,
• Thomas Griesser,
• Christian Teichert and
• Oskar Paris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 637–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.56

• strain and the cantilever deflection. If we have a reliable estimate for the Young’s modulus EF of the film, the expected deflection can be predicted from the experimentally measured strain (see Figure 4). However, EF is not known experimentally for our film. On the other hand, if we know both, the

• cantilever deflection and the sorption-induced strain from experiment, Equation 2 can be used to estimate the Young’s modulus of the porous film. Inserting the experimental values of δ and ε together with the other known parameters (Table 1) we obtain EF ≈ 5.0 GPa. Literature reports values of the order of

• 30–40 GPa for the bulk Young’s modulus in nanostructured amorphous silica systems [32][33]. If we assume quadratic scaling of the Young’s modulus with density [34], EF would be expected to be of the order of 12–16 GPa, which is higher by a factor of 2–3 than the value obtained from Equation 2. This

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• regions, and 3–4 GPa in PS regions. These values of the DMT modulus [24] are closely related to the Young’s modulus, an intrinsic bulk material property of the sample. Measurements of Young’s modulus in polymers often exhibit considerable variation and nonlinearity [25]. However, our values generally

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• -solid viscoelastic elements. The enhanced model introduces in-plane surface elastic forces that can be approximately related to a two-dimensional (2D) Young’s modulus. Relevant cases are discussed for single- and multifrequency intermittent-contact AFM imaging, with focus on the calculated surface

• ]. In these methods, the surface is modeled as a continuum material with a well-defined Young’s modulus, which interacts with a spherical AFM probe and is assumed to dissipate energy in proportion to the probe’s instantaneous velocity and depth of indentation. Here, an analytical description of the

• techniques such as AFM. In contrast, the Young’s modulus is not an appropriate measure because it is not well defined in a dynamic measurement (especially as the strain oscillation frequency is increased), and because in the case of viscoelastic materials, the stress and strain are not related by a simple

Free vibration of functionally graded carbon-nanotube-reinforced composite plates with cutout

• Mostafa Mirzaei and
• Yaser Kiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 511–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.45

• approach may be modified with the introduction of the efficiency parameters. Under such modification, Young’s modulus and the shear modulus of the composite media take the form: In this formula, the properties of the CNT are denoted by a superscript CN and that those belong to matrix are denoted by a

• is free of CNTs and the top has the maximum volume fraction of CNTs. Unlike these three types, in the UD case, each surface of the plate has the same volume fraction of CNTs. Similar to the shear modulus and Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and the mass density of the composite media may be written

• obtained in terms of strain components according to the following generalized Hook law as where the plane-stress stiffnesses of the plate are denote by Qij components (i,j = 1,2,4,5,6). These constants may be obtained in terms of the Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus and Young’s modulus of the composite plate

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• the (3)-direction causes normal stress in the (1)-direction [21]. Then, the constitutive equations reduce to two scalar equations with Young’s modulus Y [N/m2], piezoelectric d [m/V] and dielectric ξ [F/m] material constants. The superscripts E and σ indicate that these constants are measured during

• ] where Ib and Yb are the moment of inertia and Young’s modulus of the beam and α(V) contains geometrical constants of the beam and the piezoelectric layer and is linear in the applied voltage. Thus, a voltage applied to the electrodes results in a bending moment causing the cantilever to deflect

• Young’s modulus, area moment of inertia, mass density and cross section of the beam respectively. A common approach to solve Equation 11 is the modal analysis approach. Here, it is assumed that the solution can be represented by separable space and time functions representing the mode shape Zk(x) and

Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb₂S₃ nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Alexander I. Livshits,
• Juris Prikulis,
• Subhajit Biswas,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

• and determine their Young’s modulus using in situ electric-field-induced mechanical resonance and static bending tests on individual Sb2S3 nanowires with cross-sectional areas ranging from 1.1·104 nm2 to 7.8·104 nm2. Mutually orthogonal resonances are observed and their origin explained by asymmetric

• cross section of nanowires. The results obtained from the two methods are consistent and show that nanowires exhibit Young’s moduli comparable to the value for macroscopic material. An increasing trend of measured values of Young’s modulus is observed for smaller thickness samples. Keywords: antimony

• sulfide; in situ; mechanical properties; nanowires; Young’s modulus; Introduction Antimony sulfide or stibnite is a highly anisotropic semiconductor material with potential applications in thermoelectric and optoelectronic [1][2] devices due to its high achievable thermoelectric power and

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• hexagons around the equatorial plane and exhibits a more oval shape (Figure 4) [26]. The main properties of C60 are [25]: Young’s modulus, ≈14 GPa Electrical resistivity, ≈1014 Ω m Thermal conductivity, ≈0.4 W/mK Band gap, 1.7 eV The other fullerene species show similar properties to C60. Depending on the

• the discovery of CNTs, scientists have made great progress in the experimental and theoretical study of their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. CNTs exhibit remarkable properties including: Tensile strength of at least 37 GPa and strain to failure of at least 6% [38][39] Young’s modulus

• ][63], high Young’s modulus (≈1 TPa) with an intrinsic strength of 130 GPa [64][65], high thermal conductivity (over 3000 W m−1 K−1) [66] and excellent optical transmittance (≈97.7%) [67]. Additional graphene characteristics include: high theoretical specific surface area (2630 m2 g−1) [68

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• extract properties such as the Young’s modulus, which describes the bulk stress–strain relation of the material, or the Hamaker constant, which describes the dispersion forces between the tip and the sample. In the case of a viscoelastic surface the extraction of material ‘properties’ is difficult for a

• terms of a real 3D tip interacting with a flat surface, and thus makes it impossible to extract approximate parameters such as the Young’s modulus [12]. It is clear in Figure 1a that the geometry of the tip and its indentation depth into the surface have absolutely no effect on the nature of the tip