Selected properties of Al_xZn_yO thin films prepared by reactive pulsed magnetron sputtering using a two-element Zn/Al target

• Witold Posadowski,
• Artur Wiatrowski,
• Jarosław Domaradzki and
• Michał Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 344–354, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.29

• high transparency in the visible wavelength range and, simultaneously, poor intrinsic conductivity. However, substitutional doping by Al replacing Zn provides an extra electron, which can populate the conduction band and lead to an increase in conductivity. This implication is in good agreement with

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• intrinsic photocatalytic property, which can kill even antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the presence of UV light; however, UV light is not feasible in clinical situations since it poses a hazard to human cells and the significant energy input required is inefficient. In this context, doping of TiO2 with

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• particulate matter. Ge et al. developed an electrospun nanocomposite with rare earth-fused polyurethane to adsorb volatile organic compounds, which are air pollutants [16]. Al-Attabi et al. fabricated a nanohybrid for the submicrometer aerosol particle size filtration by doping wrinkled silica into PAN via

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• ] investigated the bandgap of SnO2 when changing the self-doping of SnO2. The change of the color of the powder products and the redshift in the absorption spectra are two quantities that are correlated with each other. Normally, SnO2 is white and optical absorptions in the visible region arise from changes of

• -doping [73] or elemental doping [39][74]. Hybrid or doped photocatalysts ideally exhibit an improved photocatalytic efficacy due to the reduced recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers and the lower activation energy. However, additional factors considerably affect the overall photocatalytic

• narrowing the bandgap of SnO2, such as modifying SnO2 by noble metal, graphene, or doping, including self-doping SnO2 (Sn2+-doped SnO2 or SnO2−x). In general, doping SnO2 will reduce the bandgap, which enhances the photoactivity in the visible light region for SnO2. The narrowing of the bandgap by

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• structure of the prepared nanowires, unlike simple structures, enables further more extensive engineering of nanowire properties by specific technological steps (e.g., thermal annealing, etching, doping, and filling) in order to obtain, for example, catalytic nanowires with huge specific surface or hollow

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• thin films can be implemented in many ways. The change of deposition parameters and working gasses, doping with various elements, or annealing at an elevated temperature are the most commonly used procedures [17][18]. It gives enormous possibilities for manufacturing thin films with novel properties

• and opens fields of new applications. Especially, doping of oxide materials by rare-earth ions positively influences the luminescent properties. Rare-earths ions represent a vast group of luminescent materials that exhibit light emission in the visible range [19][20]. Among them, europium (Eu) has

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• , NO2 and SO2 gases at 100 ppm gas at 350 degree centigrade. Though the morphology of the fractals did not change appreciably, Pt doping led to faster response and recovery times. This could be due to the excellent interaction of Pt with hydrogen via the established spillover effect that catalyzes

• material upon interaction with target gas analytes arise due to changes in, for instance, energy bands, surface charge, and work function caused by temperature, grain size, crystal plane energies, and doping [87][90][91]. Thus, there is no single sensing mechanism that explains all SMO gas sensors. The

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• demonstrated by elemental analysis (Figure 7a) the significance of nitrogen doping in the cobalt-decorated carbon fibres is, however, substantially reduced, in favour of cobalt-based activity. Electrochemical ORR characterisation Linear sweep voltammetry using fibre-based electrodes The oxygen reduction

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• the local contact potential difference (CPD) between a conductive AFM probe and a surface, KPFM has been used for qualitative and quantitative electric characterizations. Examples include surface potential, doping, charge profiling, optoelectronic response, and others on various materials and

First-principles study of the structural, optoelectronic and thermophysical properties of the π-SnSe for thermoelectric applications

• Muhammad Atif Sattar,
• Najwa Al Bouzieh,
• Maamar Benkraouda and
• Noureddine Amrane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1101–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.82

• reasonable thermoelectric models [25][26]. For instance, AgSbTe2 when doped with Se shows ZT ≈ 2.1 at 573 K [27], GeTe (ZT ≈ 2.4 at 600 K by doping with Pb and Bi) [28], PbTe (ZT ≈ 2.51 at 823 K by doping with Na, Eu, and Sn) [29], and SnSe crystals (ZT ≈ 2.8 at 773 K by doping with Br) [30]. Among the tin

• lately [38]. In recent years, numerous research groups from all over the globe tried to enhance TE efficiency through alloying [38], doping (metal or hole) [39][40][41][42][43], and texturing [44]. Despite demonstrating superior TE properties, SnSe still has limitations for practical applications mostly

• properties of the π-SnSe can be regulated by using suitable doping and structural transformations. The unit cell of the π-SnSe phase with 64 atoms (Sn = 32, Se = 32) which has a space group P213 (no. 198) and a lattice constant of 12.20 Å. Grey and green colors represents the Sn and Se atoms, respectively

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• doping-free and cost-effective, it can be operated using a single bias, and it emanates a narrow EL spectrum of ≈30 meV. Similarly, white light LED can also consist of CQD at the EML along with metal oxides in the charge transport layers [94]. In addition, a maximum EQE of 0.083% has been obtained from

• nanomaterials, such as graphene and SWNT present interesting alternatives to overcome the drawbacks of metal and metal nanocomposite cathodes in OLED. Klain et al. have reported one possibility by doping graphene with n-type Ca [110]. The 1 nm Ca layer deposited by evaporation onto the surface of graphene

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• oxygen doping have proven to enhance the immobilization of sodium polysulfides leading to an advancement in battery performance [31][32]. Adsorption and trapping of polysulfides are achieved through strong interactions between the sodium atoms in sodium polysulfides and the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The

• result of the nanoporosity of the carbon matrix and the high nitrogen-doping content (ca. 18 atom %). Among all sulfur–carbon composite cathodes, flexible carbon-based skeletons are one of the most promising cathode materials given their ability to accommodate the fast volume changes of sulfur during the

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• exhibit sometimes straight lines and sometimes deviations from linearity due to a non-homogenous interfacial layer of CuNiCoS4 [42]. Various electrical parameters, such as Fermi energy level (EF), barrier height (ϕb), maximum electric field (Em), depletion width (Wd), and doping concentration of acceptor

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• induces sample alterations and material behavior changes due to doping [22]. Not all nuclear interactions lead to sputtering. If the sample atom cannot be removed from the sample because of insufficient energy transfer or because the sample atom cannot exit the sample due to its sub-surface position

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• or doping with transition metals [4][5][18][19][20][21][22], alkali and alkali earth metals [23][24][25], and non-metals [25] on MoS2 and other 2D materials. While experimental studies can be used to probe the performance of the 2D material in a device or some of the interfacial interactions between

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• ], doping with other elements [21][22][23], and the control of end groups [24]. Meanwhile, various types of CPs have been applied for PHP, including conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) [25][26][27], linear conjugated polymers (LCPs) [28][29][30], conjugated triazine frameworks (CTFs) [31][32][33], and

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• . Lesker PVD75). It should also be underscored that the utilized structure was quite simplified and not optimized for the best performance in terms of junction properties, absorber and window layers, doping/thickness, or metallization used. Measurement equipment The morphology of the structures was

• the bandgap size of the AZO/Al2O3 layers deposited during the ALD process described in this paper. Knowing the bandgap size of AZO and GaAs, as well as the doping levels and the densities of states in the relevant bands of the semiconductors, we are able to construct the energy diagram of the

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• the disorder is correlated with an increase in the carrier concentration and the sign of charge carriers depends on the defect type [28][29][30]. For example, vacancies and nitrogen dopants in nitrilic and pyridinic positions introduce a p-type doping while nitrogen dopants in the graphitic position

• and hydrogen dopants in the pyridinic position result in n-type doping [48]. Thus, defect origin and density impact graphene strain and carrier concentration as well as the interaction with the substrate. The G band is generated by the scattering on iTO or iLO phonons near the Γ point of the Brillouin

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• increased by introducing oxygen vacancies into the crystal structure or by doping (e.g., n-type doping with niobium, Nb5+). Generally, two different terminations of STO(100) are known, that is, the surface can be either TiO2- or SrO-terminated. The TiO2 termination can be achieved by (ex situ) acid

• semiconducting substrates, such a charge transfer would result in an interface doping of the substrate. Depending on the charge carrier concentration, the doping is accompanied by a shift of the Fermi level, visible as rigid energy shifts of all substrate-related core level spectra in photoemission. As an

• bending at the interface (p-type doping). Adsorbate-related core level spectra are shown in Figure 3 for different film thicknesses. For the 0.25 nm and the 0.45 nm film, the Sr 3p1/2 background was subtracted in the C 1s spectra. Original data and the background procedure are shown in Figure S5

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• ; doping; hydrogen evolution reaction; photocatalysis; polymeric carbon nitride; Introduction Currently, the biggest problems of civilization seem to be the global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Both of these problems are directly related to each other. The pollution of our planet is mainly

• . Three of the most popular modifications are: (i) coupling with other semiconductors [22][23], (ii) self-optimization of the crystal structure [24][25], and (iii) doping with heteroatoms [26][27]. Therefore, PCN is called the "holy grail" because it is believed that its modifications will result in

• obtaining a highly efficient HER under visible light conditions [28][29]. One of the most effective methods to modify the electronic structure and improve photocatalytic properties, among so many options, seems to be non-metallic doping [30][31][32][33]. For instance, Ma et al. found that the doping of PCN

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• 200 to 400 °C, which means a high power consumption [4]. WO3 is a wide-bandgap [12][13] n-type semiconductor [14][15] with good sensitivity towards NO2 [16] and CO [17]. Known successful routes to improve the MOS gas sensing performance are doping with transition metals, decoration with noble metals

• , formation of heterojunctions, or size reduction [18][19]. Doping of WO3 with nickel improves the humidity sensing compared to neat WO3. Attributed to a greater number of electrons donated by Ni atoms, higher surface area, and smaller bandgap energy, Ni-doped WO3 has a faster response, higher sensitivity

• -type MOS and an n-type MOS (p–n heterojunctions) [6][18]. The p-type MOS NiO is not a very popular gas sensing material, because p-type MOS have, in general, a lower gas response than n-type MOS, such as WO3, ZnO, or SnO2 [22][23]. But p-type MOS are ideal doping agents [24]. NiO combined with WO3

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• is an increase in the catalytic activity when compared to the monometallic Au or Cu nanoparticles [3]. In addition to catalysis, Cu–Au nanoalloys are also of great interest in optics, in which the doping of copper into gold nanoparticles causes the appearance of strong surface plasmon resonances. In

• the contribution of the small Cu clusters. Incomplete doping of gold in Cu–Au nanoparticles can be explained based on the chemical reactions that take place in [3]. As shown in [25], the redox potential of (Au3+/Au) is +1.50 V. In the case of Cu, the corresponding potential is only +0.34 V [26

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• used as electrode materials in storage devices, for example, supercapacitors, the device performance can be enhanced substantially. This enhancement can be correlated to materials characteristics, such as nanoscale size effects, doping, the synergy between the defective electrode and the counter

• are still too low compared to carbonaceous electrodes. Nanoscale dimensions, the increase of the surface-defect concentration, and metal-ion doping may play a vital role in increasing specific capacitance values as well as cycle life and in mitigating degradation problems. Recently, valuable

• controlling size, bandgap, doping, defect structures, and morphology. Thus, energy density and specific capacitance of metal oxides almost reached the maximum (theoretical) values. Novel types of materials that are an alternative to metal oxides should be studied intensively. One of the most promising

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• ; multiwall carbon nanotubes; nitrogen doping; peel off; rolled carbon nanotubes; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are popular materials used in various applications [1]. These tubular hollow carbon nanomaterials have proven to be useful in multiple scientific fields [2][3][4][5][6]. Complex structures

• ][14]). This so-called doping tunes CNT properties for specific applications. A step further to design more complex CNTs is to develop materials with a composition change (e.g., CNT structures displaying both properties of nitrogen-doped and undoped carbon along the same CNT [15]). A structural change

• /N2/C3 structure is shown in Figure 2. The D peak refers to a defect in the MWCNT structure. An intense D peak (relative to the G peak intensity) correlates to higher defects, for instance, induced by nitrogen doping. The G and 2D peaks are related to the graphitization of MWCNTs. An intense G peak