Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• be suitable for increasing the sensitivity to a number of defects per unit volume forming at the surface, which can be recorded by the significant photoemission core level binding energy shift [25][26]. The significance of these studies lies in the exploration of novel materials with improved

• particular flake consisting of two different main regions on the SiO2 (1 nm)/Si substrate. Figure 5a shows the Cl 2p map after background correction at a binding energy of about 200 ± 4 eV. We know from a previous work that at this energy the Cl 2p core level only shows the main component at 199.5 eV [8]. In

• inset of Figure 5a). In some recent works, the formation of a Cr–O–Cl surface phase [8][10] was characterized by the presence of a low-binding-energy component for Cl 2p at 198 eV (Figure 5b), albeit for a high degree of oxidation at high temperature in air, which we do not observe here, and a low

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• the lateral bonding effect of GA and PVA, as well as the dissolution of cellulose by Zn2+. The rough, wrinkled surface and cracks are likely due to the focused high-energy electron beam during the FE-SEM imaging process [22]. Larger agglomerates, possibly ZnSO4 residues, are also apparent, which

• conducted using an Aztec Energy X-MaxN system (Oxford Instruments, UK) at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV and a working distance of 8.5 mm. FTIR FTIR analysis was performed using a Spectrum Two FTIR spectrometer (PerkinElmer, MA, USA) equipped with a LiTaO3 detector and an attenuated total reflectance

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• fluences, which could be explained by NP formation [22][34]. However, this increase in extinction could only be observed once a certain threshold fluence was exceeded. If the laser fluence is further increased above a critical value, degradation can occur due to excessive energy input. Using fullerene C60

• application-relevant at the interface between nutritional science and the pharmaceutical industry [46][47]. This study aims to elucidate how an organic MP suspension needs to be designed to enable energy- and process-efficient fragmentation with just one nominal laser pulse-per-particle (and practically only

• curcumin and CBD samples dissolved in acetonitrile at the same mass concentration in the spectral range from 190 to 900 nm. Both substances show no relevant extinction at the laser wavelength of 532 nm (2.33 eV), but at the two-photon energy corresponding to a wavelength of 266 nm (4.66 eV) the curcumin

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• technologies associated with electronics, energy conversion and storage, and many other fields due to their unique physical properties which may open unforeseen doors for technical and performance advances [5][6][7][8]. The full chain of steps necessary for the implementation of nanostructured materials in

• crystal, regions displaying differential contrast in the Se 3d line were observed (Figure 1a–c). In the regions of image a) delineated by the red rectangle, the shape and binding energy of the Se 3d line approximated those observed in TiSe2 (Figure 1b). In the region defined by the blue rectangle, values

• why these structural fragments form a single crystal and not independent phases. An analysis of the binding energy of the core levels of Cr 3p, Ti 3p, Ti 2p, and Cr 2p3/2 (Figure 1d–f) in the different fragments reveals a shift of about 0.5 eV in the binding energy, indicating that the fragments are

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• significant progress, a major challenge remains in discovering materials that exhibit superconductivity at higher, more practical temperatures. The efficient fabrication of materials with a low superconducting energy gap and an intermediate Tc is crucial for the development and enhancement of superconducting

• and chemical properties, including ultrahardness (comparable to that of diamond) and high melting points around 3000 °C. These properties can be qualitatively understood by observing that the Fermi energy falls within a pronounced minimum of the density of states [7]. Some reports have shown that TaN

• has a superconductive energy gap lower than that of NbN [7], the most commonly used material for single-photon detectors in the gigahertz range; hence, this material can be a better candidate for superconductive electronic devices. Depending on the amount of incorporated nitrogen, x, the tantalum

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• though poor alignment at defective interfaces creates additional losses that compound the problem. Our results show that under equilibrium, an improved HTL (better energy alignment with the perovskite, reduced interfacial recombination) only has a secondary effect on QFLS, which means that bulk

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• of major element lines. Survey and high-resolution spectra were recorded using constant pass energy mode with energies of 100 and 20 eV, respectively. Data analysis was performed using Casa XPS 2.3.23 software. To quantify free and adsorbed TA, the previously prepared FLG–TA solution was filtered

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• ; quantitative force spectroscopy; scanning capacitance force microscopy; Introduction Technological progress in fields including electronics, energy storage, photonics, and biomedical devices would not have been possible without the development of new materials. Progress in these areas requires a detailed

• way for the design of materials with tailored functionalities [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Dielectric properties are fundamental for understanding the behavior and performance of various material systems, as they directly influence charge storage, polarization, and energy dissipation mechanisms. For instance

• , in microelectronic devices, high-κ dielectric materials such as HfO2 and ZrO2 are critical for minimizing leakage currents and enhancing gate capacitance in transistors [7][8][9]. In energy storage systems, the dielectric constants of polymer–ceramic composites determine the efficiency and

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the fundamental mechanisms underlying precursor fragmentation by low-energy electrons, which remains an ongoing focus of study in the field, see Figure 1. Within the widely studied group of acetylacetonate complexes, which also play a crucial role in chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

• focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE), can effectively control edge profiles, supported by continuum modeling [12]. Additionally, using alternative precursors such as Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 with low-energy ion irradiation enables the fabrication of high-purity Pt deposits. This process involves

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• , photocatalysis, and solar energy technologies [60]. Moreover, electrospinning allows for the incorporation of multiple components with distinct morphological characteristics, positioning it as a promising approach for developing innovative materials, particularly in biological contexts [61][62]. The demand for

• ability of SF films to enhance light trapping in photoelectronic devices. Furthermore, combining SF films with biodegradable solar cells has the potential to power next-generation biomedical equipment, providing long-term energy solutions for diagnostic and therapeutic applications [93]. Silk fibroin

• therapeutic treatment [167]. These materials are embedded with responsive elements like nanoparticles that capture light in the near-infrared (NIR) or visible range and transform it to energy or heat to elicit specific responses. Such materials can, upon light exposure, release therapeutic payloads in the

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• combustion mode where the fuel and oxidizer are thoroughly mixed before ignition. LPG is a cheap industrial material used as a carbon source to produce carbon nanomaterials [6]. The application of CNFs includes, but is not limited to, energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors, electronics, drug

• temperature is observed at 20 mm HAB, and the lowest is at 1 mm HAB. Higher nitrogen concentrations at 1 mm dilute the reactive components, spreading the combustion energy over more molecules and lowering the flame temperature. The temperature of the premixed flame using LPG behaves in a different manner than

• understand the deposition temperature, which can provide sufficient energy for the nucleation to start. A LPG premixed flame with secondary diffusion flame is stable in the equivalence ratio range of 0.77 to 1.80, burning continuously with no flicker. The premixed flame front provides maximum growth

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• facilitates the reemergence of the B1 phase. The partial damage caused by electronic energy loss during oxygen ion irradiation in the willemite Zn2SiO4 phase is identified as a trigger for the B1 to B2 phase transformation in CdO nanoparticles, enabling the recovery of the B1 phase. The diminishing local

• ; Introduction Zinc oxide (ZnO)-based thin films are of significant interest due to their wide bandgap value (3.37 eV at room temperature), transparent electrical conduction, and large excitonic binding energy (60 meV) [1]. In contrast, cadmium oxide (CdO) exhibits a lower bandgap of 2.2 eV, along with high

• , we reported a local pressure-driven structural phase transformation (PT) from B1 (NaCl) to B2 (CsCl) in CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) composite binary oxide thin films [1]. The radiation stability of these phases is crucial for optoelectronic applications in space, where the exposure to high-energy particles

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• effective dwell time with a 600 nm FWHM of the electron beam), and 2000 cycles. For deposit morphology observation, a high-resolution Hitachi S4800 FESEM was used. The chemical composition of the deposits was confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) using a silicon drift detector from

• SEM microscope with the same temperatures and GIS positions as those employed for FEB depositions on native-oxide silicon substrates. A square area of 0.97 × 0.97 µm2 was deposited at 20 keV electron energy, with a dwell time of 500 ns and a point-to-pitch of 9.5 nm. The stage current was measured to

• with other fragments on the surface to form a nonvolatile matrix, or (iii) become embedded by newly arriving molecules from the gas phase [30]. A key factor for rapid desorption is the neutral charge of the generated fragments, which reduces the desorption energy. This applies to the isobutene

Water in nanoporous hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets: a first-principles study

• Juliana A. Gonçalves,
• Ronaldo J. C. Batista and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 510–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.39

• recent decades, technological advances such as membrane technology and energy recovery equipment have led to a considerable reduction in the energy required to desalinate seawater [2][3]. The proposal to use membranes that exhibit superior selectivity and high water flux has been a major focus for

• into a uniform real space grid defined using an energy cutoff of 200 Ry. The employed unit cells are periodic in the x–y directions; in the z direction, we have used vectors large enough to avoid the interaction between the periodic images. In order to investigate the energetic stability of the h-BN

• nanopores, we calculated the formation energy according to Equation 1: where Etotal and nN, nB, nH, and nO are the total energy of the nanopore and the numbers of N, B, H, and O atoms for each studied system, respectively. μN, μB, μH, μO are the chemical potentials of N, B, H, and O atoms, respectively. The

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• Usha Rani Kafi Devi Divya Gupta Sanjeev Aggarwal Ion Beam Centre, Department of Physics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.38 Abstract Molybdenum (Mo) thin films have extensive applications in energy storage devices and photovoltaic solar cells because of their

• resistivity of Mo thin films makes them desirable for integrated circuits, where they contribute to the efficient flow of electrical current [3]. Furthermore, their optical properties make them well suited for a use as a protective coating in energy storage and electronic devices [4][5]. Mo films deposited on

• generation in Mo thin films with a low-energy argon ion beam (1 keV) across different ion fluences (1016–1018 ions·cm−2). Thornton et al. [16] examined a transition from tensile to compressive stress in argon-ion-implanted Mo thin films as the sputtering gas pressure decreased. Sun et al. [17] also analyzed

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• generating ion beams in a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy electron cyclotron resonance ion source, generally used for nanostructuring solid surfaces. The investigation focuses on developing, accelerating, and extracting Ar ions from a magnetron-coupled plasma cup utilizing a three-grid ion

• the transformative impact of nanopatterning through low-energy inert ions. Keywords: optimization of ion current; surface topography; TEM; ultralow-energy ECR-based ion source; UV–vis spectroscopy; Introduction Ion sources serve as fundamental components in numerous scientific and industrial

• applications and play a crucial role in generating charged particles. Various systems harness energetic ions for diverse purposes, spanning material science, high-energy physics, medical applications, and agricultural science [1][2][3][4][5]. Presently, energetic ions find application in various surface

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• different adsorbate–substrate bonding. Keywords: adsorbate–substrate interaction; adsorptive systems; numerical simulations; pattern formation; Introduction Innovative nanostructured thin films are widely exploited in ground-breaking developments regarding transistors [1][2], energy harvesting [3][4

• fundamental factors such as chamber pressure, deposition temperature, energy characteristics, and external influences on the morphology, type, and size of surface structures during growth. A widely adopted approach for mathematical modeling in this context is based on reaction–diffusion models [26][27][28][29

• structures. In the general case, the reaction–diffusion equation for the field x1(r,t) has the form The reaction term R(x1,x2) is responsible for adsorption, desorption, and diffusion of adatoms between neighbor layers. The adsorbate flow J is defined through the free energy ℱ of the adsorbed layer Here, D0

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• of various materials [18][19][20][21][22][23][24] using different mechanisms [25][26][27][28] have been conducted via LRL. High-energy ultrashort pulses focused and irradiated into a solution cause the breakdown of solvent molecules. Then, produced solvated electrons among reactive species reduce the

• alloy nanoparticles by LRL with the addition of IPA as a radical scavenger to a solution containing multiple metal ions, and the structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). In this case, we selected an

• for the radicals generated by laser irradiation in the solution. Methods Nanoparticles were synthesized by focusing and irradiating femtosecond laser pulses (Ti:sapphire laser, pulse width = 100 fs, pulse energy = 7 mJ, repetition rate = 1,000 Hz) on a precursor salt solution in a 3 mL fused silica

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• medicine, electronics, environmental remediation, and energy [10][11]. The use of certain metal dopants to modify the chemical, optical, and electrical features of a material has gained considerable interest in the realm of semiconductor technology. A recent study has conducted thorough investigations into

• particularly well-suited for ZnO doping because of its notable characteristics, including strong conductivity, solubility, favorable ionic size, and low orbital energy. These features contribute to the improvement of optical and electrical characteristics of ZnO. The incorporation of silver boosts the mobility

• average diameter of Ag@ZnO NRs is approximately 70 nm. The elemental composition of the fabricated nanorods was examined through energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Figure 2c depicts the typical EDS spectrum of the produced Ag@ZnO NRs. Observations from the EDS spectrum lead to the conclusion that the

Biomimetics and bioinspired surfaces: from nature to theory and applications

• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Thies H. Büscher,
• Manuela Rebora,
• Poramate Manoonpong,
• Zhendong Dai and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 418–421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.32

• microstructures that reduce drag; for instance, bees and wasps have structures on the wings that facilitate flying [5]. Zhu et al. [9] applied this concept in using microtextures to rotating blades of aircraft engines. Their results show that the microtextures may improve energy efficiency by 3.7% of a single

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• increase in the radiation absorption efficiency inside transparent materials because of the implosion of the absorbed energy during propagation [39]. It is crucial to understand the early-stage mechanisms of PLAL to correlate them to NP size control. Plasma plume formation and expansion is a critical step

• medicine for gold [9][29], strengthened ceramics and steels for high-temperature applications for Y2O3 [45][46][47], and catalysis and energy storage for HEAs [48][49]. The produced NPs are compared with those obtained with Gaussian beams. The evolution of the PLAL-generated cavitation bubble dynamics was

• 400 kHz repetition rate for 2 min along a spiral path with an outer diameter of 10 mm and a scanning speed of 20 m·s−1. The pulse energy was varied in the 50–250 µJ range by a laser attenuator to produce colloids with NP concentrations in the range of several tens of milligrams per liter. HEA NPs were

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• setup by means of a load lock and transferred throughout the chambers with a transfer stick. The preparation chamber accommodates standard surface preparation techniques including an ion sputter gun, an e-beam evaporator, a quadrupole mass spectrometer, as well as a combined low-energy electron

• current of 6 mA, and beam energy of 2 kV for 7 min. Figure 6a shows an AFM image at room temperature and high vacuum (≈10−7 mbar) of the prepared surface in the closed reactor. The Co nanoparticles appear as bright dots on the surface with an average diameter of ≈20 nm. Figure 6b shows the surface at 430

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• size. The imaging was performed using TEM at 120 kV (Jeol JEM1400, Germany). The surface elements and their composition in the nanoparticle were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, FEI Inc) regarding their binding energy. The fixed transmission mode was utilized

• with passing energy at 80 eV, and the binding energy spectrum was recorded from 0 to 1,400 eV. The functional group interaction of PEG–PCL nanoparticles was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 6700). An amout of 5 mg of PEG, PCL, and PEG–PCL

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• [27]. Therefore, vortex filaments are approximately straight, and only one HTSC layer can be considered for modeling. A vortex system at a temperature not too close to the critical temperature can be modeled as an ensemble of particles interacting with a long-range potential. Then the energy of the

• superconducting layer, K0 is the zeroth-order Macdonald function, , where the sign is chosen depending on the sign of the field that generated the vortex, and Φ0 is the magnetic flux quantum. The second term corresponds to the total self-energy of the vortices in the HTSC layer. The indices i and j number the

• pancakes in the layer under consideration, is the vortex self-energy per superconducting layer with The simulation is performed for a vortex lattice in a sample whose size in the plane of the superconducting layer is 5 × 5 μm. To eliminate the influence of the boundary, the simulation region has periodic

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

• nanoparticles and supports, lowering electrical contact fidelity and energy efficiency of the composite electrodes. Surfactants alter nanoparticle surfaces, complicating understanding and often lowering catalytic performance by blocking active sites. Surfactants (like binders) partake in electrochemical

• unattached catalyst material, which is especially problematic with precious catalysts. Overall, separate nanoparticle synthesis–attachment produces composites with adhesion, durability, electrical contact, and concomitant energy efficiency issues. Here, we report a new one-step pulsed laser grafting process