Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• aggregates [34]. Polymer coatings can be used to prevent the NPs from aggregating. In the present study, polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated Ag-NPs were used. Another important aspect of the behavior of Ag-NPs is the rate and degree of the dissolution of Ag-NPs, which depends on their surface functionalization

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• in the fluid under the influence of the rotating magnetic field. Higher viscosity fluids made the helix-like shaped MNRs swim faster. In order to further promote the functionalization of biomolecules, a layer of titanium was deposited on the outside, which not only served as a protective layer, but

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• medical products may be related to human exposure and safety as AgNPs may undergo complex transformations in biological media [6]. It is well known that AgNP physicochemical characteristics, such as size, shape, surface charge, surface functionalization, or core composition determine their interactions

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• through site-selective irradiation, rather than through chemical functionalization of its surface. Nakaharai et al. irradiated supported single-layer graphene with 30 keV helium ions increasing the dose from ca. 2 × 1015 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 (corresponding to an estimated vacancy defect concentration of

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• mobility and, consequently, graphene conductivity. On the other hand, chemical functionalization of graphene may improve the sensitivity of graphene-based sensors [6]. Therefore, the control of density and types of defects in graphene might be a new way to prepare efficient molecular sensors. Systems

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• salt to metallic silver by microwave irradiation in the presence of ethanol utilized as reducing agent (Figure 1a). In practice, the functionalization of the substrates requires only the placement of the cleaned glass supports into a microwave vial containing an aqueous silver acetate precursor co

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• semiconductor polymer, as a metal-free and visible-light-responsive photocatalyst, has attracted dramatically growing attention in the field of visible-light-induced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is characterized by facile synthesis, easy functionalization, attractive electronic band structure, and

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• antibody (clone 225) functionalization were designed. Their efficacy against human NSCLC cells was evaluated. Increased antitumor efficacy of C225-NPs by inducing apoptosis and autophagy, compared to C225 and the carrier, was reported. The authors mentioned the importance of the three-dimensional

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• band alignment between the semiconductor and rGO, the electron acceptor functionalization of the analyzed gas, and the p-type conductivity of the rGO. Thus, the electron-depleted WO3 surface is more sensitive to the adsorption of acetone molecules and the transition of electrons from the adsorbed gas

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• functionalization to increase their accumulation in the tumor mass [3]. Numerous coating moieties have been employed to modify the surface properties of MNPs [16]. Among them, polyethylene glycol (PEG), a non-degradable polyether of the monomer ethylene glycol, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), a versatile protein

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• functionalization by using various molecules [72][93][94][108][109][110][111][112][113], while surface engineering can be performed by introducing micro-/nanostructured patterns [74][92][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121] or porous structures [97][122][123][124]. Feng et al. [93] modified gum wrappers with

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• histidine-tag at the extracellular side of a PM mutant (c-His PM). The functionalization and the resulting hybrid membrane were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and infrared

• carried out with different drop sizes, PM optical densities, incubation times, DPR times, and applied voltages. CNM functionalization The CNM was placed into a dried flask with 1 mL 2-azidoacetyl chloride (2-AAC, 97%, 30% solution in diethyl ether, SelectLab Chemicals GmbH, Münster, Germany), 8 mL

• synthesis route is well established and the resulting CNM has reactive amino head groups that can be functionalized in subsequent experiments. The functionalization of the CNM is necessary to immobilize the PM patches by chemical complex formation after deposition. In a first step, simple drop-casting

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• measurements. The DLS and ZP results are also shown in Table 1. The zeta potential changed from negative to positive after AHAPS functionalization due to the positive surface charge of the amine group in the AHAPS ligand. The zeta potential values of the AHAPS-functionalized samples slightly decreased after

• viability, it should be noted that other factors, besides shell and surface functionalization, can influence the cytotoxicity of lanthanide-containing particles and might be entangled with the present observations. Liu et al. recently observed that the cellular concentration of Eu- and Bi-doped GdVO4

• nanoparticles in polymer shells decreases with incubation time due to the occurrence of proliferation and exocytosis [65]. Such effects can be related to the functionalization and size of the nanoparticles as well as to ion release, and modulate the toxicity of lanthanide-containing particles as a function of

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ]. Although the independent benefits of the functionalization, insertion, and encapsulation of nanomaterials have been identified, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies exploring the combined advantages of having nanomaterials simultaneously located inside and outside (attached to the external

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• drugs. Keywords: antitumor activity; cellular uptake; PEG functionalization; PEI functionalization; poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG); polyethylenimine (PEI); single-walled carbon nanotubes; Introduction To date, chemotherapy is the most common therapy for cancer treatment. However, the inability of

• limitation. Among them, conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one of the most effective methods because PEG is highly hydrophilic and flexible [28][29]. Functionalization using a hydrophilic polymer with positively charged groups is another effective way to reduce opsonization by the RES and

• functionalization was supposed to attenuate the premature removal and loss of nanocarriers, and also to improve the targeting to the tumor site. The physical and chemical properties of CNTs-PEG-PEI were systematically characterized and doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most potent anticancer drugs applied in

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• with respect to functionalization and corresponding potential applications, porphyrins represent a fascinating class of molecules the properties of which at inorganic interfaces still have to be fully understood [1]. The investigation of adsorption properties and structures using surface science

• methods has been very successful in recent decades, but it mainly focused on metal or semi-metal surfaces. The research revealed numerous ways to steer self-assembly and on-surface reactions by a careful choice of functionalization and substrates [2]. Despite its importance for applications, the

• atomic structure of these films has been investigated in detail by diffraction methods [18][19][20][21]. The corresponding data ensures reproducibility of the cobalt oxide preparation and meaningful computer-based substrate modeling. Functionalization of porphyrins may introduce new properties of the

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• and photophysical properties of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by chemical functionalization, adsorption on solid supports, and supramolecular organization is the key to optimize the application of these compounds in (opto)electronic devices. Here, we present a multimethod study comprehensively

• contrast to graphene [42][43][44] or bulk hBN [14][45][46]. Pyrene derivatives are excellent candidates to study the interplay of functionalization and supramolecular organization as the planar polycyclic aromatic core provides an extended π-system that can be readily substituted at distinct positions [47

• anchor for noncovalent functionalization, e.g., to develop graphene platforms to be used in sensing applications [65][66][67] and to employ hBN monolayers for capturing aromatic organic pollutants [68]. On bulk insulators, it was, for instance, demonstrated how the optical properties of an adsorbed

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• , on which the Pt-NPs can then easily diffuse. Hence, these supports often require additional functionalization steps for avoiding metal particle agglomeration, which reduces the electrical conductivity and durability of the support. In sharp contrast, the one-step synthesis of Pt/CNW presented herein

• vapor synthesis set-up [35]. This extends the application of the synthesis process described here far beyond the Pt/CNW system. In theory, the process would allow for functionalization of the carbon support or the deposition of technologically relevant nonprecious or alloyed metal catalysts to further

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• behavior in mice by activating ligand–receptor pairs [16]. Jia at al. used nanoparticles to modulate focal ischemia through controlling infarct size and occlusion duration by micromagnet-mediated aggregation [12]. Functionalization and vectorization of nanoparticles can be performed both by noncovalent

• grafting of biomolecules via ionic bonding or adsorption and by the covalent conjugation of biomolecules via strong chemical bonding [17][18]. Noncovalent nanoparticle functionalization is relatively easy to undertake. However, the results are difficult to control and to reproduce presumably because of

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• functionalization of the probe tip. Figure 1 showcases the imaging modes employed in this work as applied to the defect-free H–Si(100)-2 × 1 surface (see Methods for details about the sample preparation). In the well-known STM topographies probing empty and filled states in Figure 1c and 1d, respectively, the dimer

• rows can readily be seen running horizontally across the image (constant current imaging [50 pA], sample bias as indicated in the lower left of each panel). Recent work has reported that tip functionalization affects the contrast sharpness and apparent atomic positions in STM images of the H–Si(100

• tunnelling hydrogen microscopy (STHM) [35]. Rather than direct tip functionalization as done in nc-AFM, STHM in these original studies was achieved by leaking in a background of molecular hydrogen (≈10−9 Torr) until an H2 molecule became trapped in the tip–sample junction. Here, we achieve STHM-like

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• synthesized in small dimensions, which ensures low toxicity and the possibility for easy surface functionalization. A common method for synthesising iron-oxide nanoparticles includes chemical co-precipitation, which involves the simultaneous precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles and a solid matrix through a

• performed to reduce the sensitivity of nanoparticles to air, humidity and acidity. In addition, it allows for the functionalization and absorption of proteins and creation of hydrophilic molecules at the surface of the nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration, reducing capillary obstruction risk. Coating can

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• a better stabilization of the gold nanoparticles, as it will be shown in this paper. Results Synthesis and characterization of dendrimers The potential reducing ability of the Girard’s T reagent toward AuCl(tht) was verified in water prior to the synthesis and functionalization of the dendrimers. A

• amino acids such as ʟ-histidine, which have been used to synthesize gold nanoparticles at a higher temperature (80 °C) [49], or cysteine [50]. The compound 1 was the dendrimer chosen for the functionalization with the Girard’s T reagent. The synthesis was performed via the Staudinger reaction between

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• biological properties of SPIONs. Various aspects regarding the synthesis of SPIONs and the application to cell biology or medicine have to be considered. Some properties of SPIONs can be controlled through synthesis, such as core type, oxidation state, functionalization, dimension, form, and concentration

• well. It reduces the hyperthermia capabilities of nanoparticles because it lowers the magnetic saturation and it can also alter the stability of the nanoparticles [79]. For drug delivery the surface functionalization is critical. Studies have shown that covalent binding of drugs can enable slow drug

• release at the targeted site. A functionalization that permits only adsorption can lead to premature drug release [33][46][80]. Mojica Pisciotti and co-workers [39] studied the effects of dextran and PEG coatings on two animal kidney cell lines and showed that dextran-coated SPIONs are not cytotoxic even

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• (SERS); TiO2 nanostructures; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a sensing tool requires the optimization of a surface and its functionalization. The surface should provide a good enhancement over a large range of wavelengths, to detect molecules with various fingerprints, while it

• should also be easy to fabricate at reduced cost. In addition, the surface functionalization needs to guarantee the selection, detection and quantification of a target molecule, e.g., a biomarker [1][2][3] or a pollutant [4][5] dissolved in complex media such as blood, plasma, urine, or river and sea

• functionalized with aptamers (a biorecognition element), specific to the natural estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2) [17] for SERS detection. The all-solid configuration of the TiO2/Au surface makes it a good candidate for in situ detection. Surface functionalization with aptamers is gathering interest because they