A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• 246 nm, exceeds the 200 nm blur and an additional measurement is therefore not meaningful here. The blur was achieved by overfocusing the beam. All cross-sections were prepared using 1 µs dwell time. SEM images of the prepared cross-sections were recorded with 5 kV acceleration voltage, 90 pA beam

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• and light conditions. Each measurement was scanned with 0.05 V intervals. The bias supply and current signals were provided and recorded by a Keithley system adapted with an amplifier. XRD patterns of p-Si, p-type SiNWs, and the TiO2/SiNWs sample. Cross-sectional view (a, b) and top view (c, d) SEM

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• . Variations in the measurement reveal local work function differences, which are ascribed to the Fermi level shift resulting from the charge transfer between the GNR and the Au substrate. Our results indicate that GNRs are positively charged compared to Au. This is confirmed by calculations and by distance

• (f0 = 292 kHz, cL = 41 N/m) were used for imaging in the frequency modulation (FM) mode operated by a Nanonis electronic system. The tips were cleaned by sputtering (Ar pressure 5 × 10−3 Pa, energy 1 keV, 15 min) and annealing up to 375 K for 1–5 h (pressure below 1 × 10−7 Pa) prior to measurement

• irregularities such as kinks or defects at the edge are observed in the topography measurement. For example for the GNR where the cross section has been taken, marked by a black line, there is a kink associated with a darker region in the local work function, and in the topography image there are some small

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• environmental monitoring. Accurate detection and measurement of H2O2 levels is vital for understanding its role in biological processes, diagnosing diseases, and monitoring environmental pollutants [114]. Alginate-based nanoparticles have depicted great potential in hydrogen peroxide sensing. A silver/poly(3

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• . In a non-contact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM), it facilitates the force measurement by recording the periodic displacement of an oscillating microcantilever. To understand signal generation in a NC-AFM-based Michelson-type interferometer, we evaluate the non-linear response of the interferometer

• is essential for quantitative NC-AFM; therefore, various methods have been suggested to determine the calibration factor S [10][19][20][21][22]. There is a simple and rough, but commonly used, method of calibration of the cantilever displacement by an interferometer, which is based on the measurement

• amplitude error. The relative error in the wavelength measurement is δλ/λ = 0.00075 as detailed below. The error in the adjustment of the light spot on the cantilever with length lc is the positioning error δlc = 5 μm, which is the distance between the laser spot position and the tip position as illustrated

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• 980 nm. A Thorlabs compact laser diode controller set the output power to 4 mW. The spot size of the laser beam of 100 μm was accurately determined using the knife edge method [17]. A mechanical chopper was used to modulate the laser beam intensity. The key component in the responsivity measurement

• . Optimized contacts between the Cr/Au pads and the M-shaped CNT block can be obtained, for example, with additional CNT blocks grown on the Cr/Au pads, as shown in [7]. DC measurements The first step involved the measurement of the bolometer resistance Rbolometer as a function of temperature T induced by a

• , respectively. The thermal conductances of sample 1 and sample 2 were calculated as Gth1 = 7.45 × 10−6 W/K and Gth2 = 3.3 × 10−7 W/K, respectively. Responsivity measurement The voltage responsivity (ℜV) is one of the main device parameters in the evaluation of microbolometer performance, serving as a

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• simulations (EDAS) [77][78]. Furthermore, an amplifier with common-source architecture has been incorporated into a simple analog circuit for the amplification of the threshold-voltage change, leading to the measurement of pH change at the level of the biosensor surface. Thus, two different circuits for

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• measurement, which was applied both to the size itself but also to the electronegativity [74][75]. Indirect descriptors of the nanoform properties Experimental measurements (d): Because of the complex structures of NMs, it is challenging to understand how the nanostructure affects their chemical and

• involved in the activity modelled or that have a structural origin related to the activity mechanism. A very common property included in several models [23][44][60][68][76] is the zeta potential (a measurement of the charge at the surface of the NMs). The zeta potential value used as a descriptor can be

• uses the measurement in pure water (first layer) and another one that allows for estimating the value of the zeta potential in the ionized medium (second layer) using the output of the first layer [78]. Although the zeta potential is most often included as a numerical value, it can be also used to

Investigation on drag reduction on rotating blade surfaces with microtextures

• Qinsong Zhu,
• Chen Zhang,
• Fuhang Yu and
• Yan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 833–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.70

• Aeronautics and Astronautics. Pictures and a schematic diagram of the wind tunnel test platform are shown in Figure 8. Figure 8b shows that the wake measurement device consisting of a three-hole probe, a motor, and a guide rail. Ten probes were utilized to measure the wake, while the motor facilitates control

• °, respectively; (3) measurement of the TP and P at the inlet and outlet, respectively, and calculation of ξ and observation of the wake loss distribution; (4) change of velocity and angle of attack to 130.67 m/s and 54.8°, respectively, and continuation according to step 3; (5) change of velocity and angle of

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• distilled water required are variable and adjusted experimentally. The redilution process is controlled by the spectrophotometric absorption measurement. Between the first and fourth cycles, the PD rate constants were observed to decrease from 3.3 min−1 to 1.8 × 10−3 min−1 and 6.1 min−1 to 2 × 10−3 min−1 in

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• 4.4 eV resonance peak of O− anions produced via DEA to CO2. The electron beam energy resolution was estimated by fitting and extracting the width of the 4.4 eV resonance peak of O−/CO2; during the present measurement it was around 100 meV. In the given mass range, the quadrupole mass resolution was

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• . The suspensions were diluted until their McFarland values reached 0.5, corresponding to 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL; the measurement was determined by a DEN-1 densitometer (Biosan, Latvia). From the bacterial strains, bacterial lawns were made on the Muller–Hinton medium. The mass of previously

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

• Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
• Andres M. Somoza and
• Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

• behavior with the existence of an uncompensated electrostatic force that is nullified when KPFM is activated. However, it is crucial to remember that, under our measurement conditions, the tip always oscillates at resonance and amplitude variations are related to dissipative interactions. Since the

• stationary or periodic state for a static or oscillating tip, respectively. This relaxation time is crucial to the overall charge dynamics and depends on the material’s in-plane conductivity and on the measurement parameters. When this relaxation time is comparable to, or even significantly exceeds, the

• characteristic AFM measurement times, it may influence not only the topography, but also other interaction channels, particularly, those related to electrostatic properties. Finally, it is worth noting that the oscillating surface charge on the material’s surface may not only be induced by the scanning tip but

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• length quartz cell was used for the measurements, and deionized water was used as the blank in the measurement to account for background signals. Fourier-transform infrared spectra were measured on a Spectrum Two FT-IR/Sp 10 S/W spectrometer (USA) with a LiTaO3 type detector, the wavelength used ranged

• from 450 to 4000 cm−1. The size distribution of the synthesized CQDs was determined via DLS, which relies on the measurement of the hydrodynamic radius of the particles. The CQDs were analyzed via a Malvern NanoSizer ZP instrument. The samples were diluted in deionized water to prevent signal

• a dark environment to ensure proper dispersion of the CQDs in aqueous media and the adsorption of the dye on the CQD surface. After the stirring period of 20 min, the solution absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 250–800 nm. This measurement marked the start

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• procedure are denoted as “1×”, “2×”, and “3×”, depending on the number of HT+RTA cycles. It is worth highlighting that re-executing the hydrothermal processes does not necessitate any supplementary preparation of samples, for example, surface re-nucleation. Measurement equipment CuO thin films were

• , which allowed for the investigation of both topography and electrical properties of the films. Surface topography analysis was performed by utilizing an atomic force microscopy (AFM) operating in Peak Force Tapping mode. The surface was scanned at a resolution of 1024 × 1024 measurement points using a

• effect [49][50]. Despite the measurement conditions, it was still possible to qualitatively analyze changes in surface potential and work function based on the sample preparation method. The AFM, SCM, and KPFM data were analyzed using the Nanoscope Analysis 3.0 software (Bruker). The CuO films also

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• temperature. The urine samples for electrochemical measurement were prepared by first diluting 1 mL urine to 20 mL with distilled water. 1.5 mL of this urine solution was added to 2 mL of 0.25 M pH 3 buffer and was diluted to 10 mL with distilled water in an electrolysis cell. The solution was spiked with 10

• of URI and HYP of 0.81% and 2.92%, respectively, was chosen to avoid any potential interference effect in real samples. The variation of the potential scan rate during DPV measurement reveals that the electrochemical reactions of URI and HYP are determined by adsorption. Therefore, even at tacc = 0

• , the IP values for URI and HYP are 3.787 ± 0.535 μA (n = 3) and 4.193 ± 0.318 μA (n = 3), respectively (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1c,d). This phenomenon shows that URI and HYP quickly adsorb on the surface of the modified electrode at the beginning of the measurement. Therefore, when the

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• investigated more deeply. This work addresses the challenges associated with determining the elastic modulus of individual monoclinic Ga2O3 NWs. Here, the selection and use of two distinct measurement techniques, resonance and three-point bending, was driven by the fact that the test method contributes to

• Figure 6a) resonance oscillations measurements, only the width of the NW is measured for the elastic modulus calculation. The lack of sufficiently precise height measurement at both ends of the NW in this setup does not allow accurate elastic modulus value estimation from resonance oscillation in the

• error to the calculations which should be minimised via a thorough study of each individual nanostructure geometry [29]. The magnitude of the geometrical measurement error typically increases significantly for smaller NWs, since the relative measurement error is becoming comparable to the absolute value

Enhancing higher-order modal response in multifrequency atomic force microscopy with a coupled cantilever system

• Wendong Sun,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Yanan Chen,
• Zhipeng Dou,
• Rui Lin,
• Peng Cheng,
• Xiaodong Gao,
• Quan Yuan and
• Yifan Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.57

• frequencies compared to the simulation results, but the modal ratios are approximate. The reasons may be related to the following two aspects: (i) The actual parameters of the cantilever material are different from the simulation parameters. (ii) There is an error in the manual measurement regarding the

• values of the applied voltages during the measurement of the frequency modal response were all 3 V. The first two orders of the modal responses of the traditional cantilever beam and the coupled system are depicted by blue and red curves, respectively, in Figure 10. We obtained second-order modal

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• microscopy (AFM) micrographs of CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB-AuNM, respectively. A total number of 50 nanoparticles were considered for the aspect ratio measurement as shown in Table 2. The analysis was performed using the ImageJ software (NIH, USA). Figure 4d–f shows AFM images of the AuNMs along with

• of 1 mL of each sample after one wash was taken into consideration for the measurement. The absorbance range was set to 300–900 nm during all measurements. The zeta potential measurement was performed using a Zetasizer (Nano ZS, Malvern UK). The sample was transferred into a DTS1070 cuvette and the

• instrument was run for the zeta potential measurement. The actual size, morphology, and aspect ratio calculation of the synthesized nanoparticles were observed under a transmission electron microscope (120 kV, Tecnai, FEI, The Netherlands) at multiple regions. An atomic force microscope (Witec Alpha 300RA

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• the different measurement methods (i.e., contact mode and surface-sensitive mode) with respect to the chemical surface sensitivity. The use of the surface-sensitive mode in AFM-IR shows an enormous improvement for the analysis of thin films on the IR-active substrate. As a result, in this mode, the

• papers [1][3][9][10]. A general restriction of AFM-IR is its rather large depth of information, which depends on the sample structure and the chosen measurement mode such as contact mode or tapping mode. In general, the incident IR light excites a large volume of material beneath the AFM tip, and the tip

• compensation of the isolating polymer foils, the measurement was carried out in a 1.5 mbar N2 atmosphere. The survey spectra were recorded with a pass energy of 100 eV, while the core level spectra were taken with a 40 eV pass energy. The analysis was done using the software Unifit 2019 [17]. For all core

Stiffness calibration of qPlus sensors at low temperature through thermal noise measurements

• Laurent Nony,
• Sylvain Clair,
• Daniel Uehli,
• Aitziber Herrero,
• Jean-Marc Themlin,
• Andrea Campos,
• Franck Para,
• Alessandro Pioda and
• Christian Loppacher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 580–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.50

• calibration of the probe in a LT UHV system. The goal of the present work is to propose a framework based on thermal noise measurement to calibrate the stiffness of qPlus sensors operated in a LT UHV system. The concept was introduced by Hutter and Bechhoefer, and Butt et al. in 1993 [33][34], and was further

• improved by Butt and Jaschke in 1995 [35]. It is based on the measurement of the spectrum of the fluctuations of the free end of the probe excited by thermal noise. The peak of the thermal noise spectrum at the resonance frequency of the probe may be related to its stiffness if the mechanical behavior of

• strategy, which allows us to achieve an uncertainty of 10% maximum in the calibration. This work is inspired by, and based on, results from the literature, but extends the scope of AFM probes stiffness calibration through thermal noise measurement to very stiff (k > 1000 N/m) and large-Q (Q > 105) probes

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• , the cell line, cn2, the NP shape, cn3, the measurement conditions, and cn4, the coating agent. Each of these assays involved at last one out of n(cn0) = 5 possible biological activity parameters (CC50, EC50, IC50, LC50, and TC50). They also include n(cn1) = 53 cell lines (e.g., A549 (H), RAW 264.7

• , and Neuro-2A (M)) and n(cn2) = 10 NP shapes (spherical, irregular, slice-shaped, needles, rods, elliptical, pseudo-spherical, polyhedral, pyramidal, and strips). In addition, they contain n(cn3) = 8 NP measurement conditions (dry, H2O, DMEM, RPMI, 1% Trion X-100/H2O, H2O/TMAOH, egg/H2O, and H2O/HMT

• is determined by the i-th NDD compound and the n-th NP measurement conditions. The remaining cases, f(vij(cd0), vnj(cn0))obs = 0, indicate that at least one of the abovementioned conditions fail. Definition of objective and reference functions IF phase for combining the references After we obtained

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• was measured by a Hall probe with an accuracy of ±0.3 Oe. The sample temperature was monitored using an Allen-Bradley thermometer that is highly sensitive in the temperature range of interest. The temperature measurement error was ±(5–6) mK below 3 K. The superconducting critical temperature Tc was

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• each measurement). The analyte was then dried at room temperature, and the Raman spectra were recorded via laser excitation at 532 nm. Other investigations on the SERS performance of our sample were also carried out, including Raman mapping, signal consistency, uniformity, and selectivity. Instrument

Unveiling the nature of atomic defects in graphene on a metal surface

• Karl Rothe,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 416–425, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.37

• intact graphene sheet. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of the differential conductance and the measurement of total-force variations as a function of the lateral and vertical probe–defect distance corroborate the different character of the defects. The tendency of the vacancy defect to form a chemical