Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• ; intranasal delivery; liposomes; nanomedicine; nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs); polymer nanoparticles; RNA delivery; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs); Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is considered the body’s processing and control center. While

• 9.6 in porcine intestinal mucosa, while the apparent permeability was increased 2.2-fold. These results showed that thiolated cellulose could also be a candidate for enhancing mucoadhesion and permeability, and this polymer could also be studied regarding nasal mucosa permeation in the future [86

• least two NP classes to enhance the applications of the DDSs, which exhibit unique properties that are not possible by using only one single NP class [121]. For instance, there has been a growing interest in developing lipid–polymer hybrid NPs to benefit from the properties of different NP classes

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• ][13], anodization [3][14], silane chemistry [18], and polymer multilayers [5][15]. While these methods are effective, there is often a requirement for a specific chemical environment, like a plasma processing step or the growth of an oxide layer. In this investigation, we aim to simplify the

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• Belarus, Minsk, Belarus Faculty of Arts and Science, Chemistry Department, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.96 Abstract Nanopolymers represent a significant group of delivery vehicles for hydrophobic drugs. In particular, dual stimuli-responsive smart polymer nanomaterials might be

• loading levels [23]. Such smart polymer nanoparticles have been suggested in the literature, and their effectiveness has been proven by our group, especially for the loading and enhanced release of naringenin [20][24], another anticancer drug, and ʟ-asparaginase, a therapeutic enzyme [22]. Studies

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse

• nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc™) could ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [54]. The polymer platform of NanoCurc™ consists of N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylic acid and was selected because of its capability to

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• reviewed in this paper. Future research scopes highlight existing challenges and solutions. Keywords: alginate; biomedical sensing; polymer nanoparticle; smart drug delivery; Review Introduction Sensors have received a lot of attention in a variety of applications, including health, pharmacy, the

• indicates that it belongs to the hydrogel family and is insoluble in water. Sodium alginate is an odorless, tasteless powder that can be white or yellowish. Alginate is a linear polymer composed of ᴅ-mannuronic acid (M) and ʟ-guluronic acid (G) residues [28]. Alginate can be an effective absorbent and

• nanoparticles, a nontoxic metal ion is chosen as the precursor. This precursor can be combined with alginate, a natural polymer derived from seaweed, in a purified natural solvent such as water. Then, a reducing agent is selected to reduce the metal ions and form nanoparticles. One environmentally friendly

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• affordable and accessible fabrication methods which guarantee stability and reproducibility along with accessible sample collection of SERS substrates. There has been significant interest in utilizing flexible materials such as paper, nitrocellulose, polymer film, cotton fabrics, adhesive tape, glass fibers

• ], Au NPs on electrospun polymer nanofibers [33], and alloy Ag/Au NPs on filter paper [44]. However, the size-dependent SERS performance of NPs over time needed to be investigated, and the optimization of substrates, depending on their stability over time, was aimed to be studied. This study

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• tailored to the tissues where the implant will be placed [99]. Nevertheless, CNTs are able to regulate the cell proliferation better than other nanocarbon species. Patel et al. [100] coated polymer nanofibers with a 25 nm thick layer of MWCNTs modulating in vivo angiogenesis and bone regeneration

• synergistic effects of metal cations in GO coatings were extensively investigated [116][117]. Also, polymer blends were included instead of metal species [118][119]. ND coatings are also of particular interest for the prevention of biofilm formation [120] because of the reduced bacteria adhesion, which

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• could function as either a Velcro-like material or a biomimetic adhesive, depending on the modulus of the shape memory polymer [29]. Using MM3520, a shape memory polymer with a transition temperature of approximately 35 °C, and toggling between cool and warm states, the mechanical modulus could change

• early 2012, and the focus was then switched to specific applications integrating biomimetic adhesives rather than adhesive development. Compilation showing the assembly and integration of shape memory polymer dry adhesives with embedded heaters and soft robotic actuators. When in the soft state (T > 35

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• materials. The polymers used in our study were made of pluronic F127. The polymers consist of three polymer blocks, including two PEO blocks and one PPO block. Because of the presence of F127 on the particles’ surface, the nanoparticles were effectively disseminated in our study. The hydrophobic block PPO

• 293 cells (Figure 2). However, when treating the cells with F127 polymer (2 mg/mL), the fluorescent signals were significantly reduced. The results proved that in the wells that were pretreated with F127 polymer, the polymer floated free in the cell culture medium, bound to the receptor, and competed

• in cancer treatment. Conclusion In this work, we designed F127-folate@PLGA nanoparticles capable of carrying CHL and IR780. The formulation approach has produced nanoparticles of extremely homogeneous size. The F127-folate polymer on the surface of nanoparticles made it easier for nanoparticles to

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• method Electrospinning is an easy and fast method used to produce non-woven structures consisting of continuous ultrafine fibers with diameters ranging from micrometers down to nanometers. In this method, nanofibers are produced from a polymer solution or a melt with the help of electrostatic forces [41

• examined this method in detail. The first patent for turning a polymer solution into nanofibers by electrostatic forces was issued to J. F. Cooley in 1902. Between 1934 and 1944, Anton Formhals further developed the electrospinning method and equipment and obtained new patents [43]. In the 1990s

•  2. There are basically four main elements in an electrospinning assembly. These are (i) a high-voltage power source, (ii) a feeding unit (i.e., nozzle, syringe, or metal needle), (iii) a collector (i.e., plate, cylinder, disc, or rotating drum), and (iv) a viscous polymer (melt or solution) in

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• remain the norm in nano-QSAR. In spite of the chemical complexity inherent to any extended system (such as a crystal or polymer), most descriptors are simpler than those found for organic molecules, focusing on simplified structural formulas or single elements. In most cases, the composition of a NM is

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• polymer-based systems (<500 nm). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was applied to verify the presence of salts in the scaffolds and to determine the interaction between the salt and the polymer. Another analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, was carried out to determine strontium and zinc

• atoms in the scaffolds. Our result showed that the salts influence the mechanical properties of the polymer scaffold, both in terms of specific load capacity and relative elongation values. According to the dissolution experiments, the whole amount of strontium nitrate was dissolved from the scaffold in

• Polymer mixtures contain at least one component besides the polymer, such as nanoparticles, inorganic salts, or other polymers. These types of polymer mixtures are used for medical purposes; for example, metronidazole/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/alginate for dental implants or poly(lactic acid

AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 603–611, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.51

• refined and found its way into many and highly diverse fields of application, including virology, DNA nanotechnology, polymer science, and materials science [5][6][7][8][9]. The importance of AFM-IR steadily grew over the past decade and its development has been described in detail in several review

• compensation of the isolating polymer foils, the measurement was carried out in a 1.5 mbar N2 atmosphere. The survey spectra were recorded with a pass energy of 100 eV, while the core level spectra were taken with a 40 eV pass energy. The analysis was done using the software Unifit 2019 [17]. For all core

• at 1168 cm−1, all of which originate from the polymer foil [21][22]. In the spectra of the sample with a 50 nm SiOx film, a broad peak occurs around 1080 cm−1, which corresponds to Si–O–Si transversal oscillation modes [23][24][25]. In contrast, the sample with the thin SiOx film shows no broad peak

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• white light, and it has a yellow-brown colour, characteristic of GQDs prepared from the natural polymer starch [16]. The solution on the right was exposed to 254 nm UV light, and the colour changed to green. The typical absorption peak at 287 nm in the UV–vis spectrum of the aqueous GQD solution (Figure

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• ; silver nanowires; Introduction Metal nanowires (NWs) are promising key elements in a wide range of applications, including solar cells [1], smart windows [2], flexible sensors [3], touch screens [4], biocompatible polymer binders [5], temperature sensing [6], medical materials [7], and key elements of

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• transfer is required on glass in an aqueous medium [26]. Third, NCG fills the cracks present at the edges during spin coating the polymer and inhibits their propagation during the bending of the substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to detect strain in graphene, which can be determined from

• Figure 2c, and the fit parameters are given in Table 1. The model was initially given for a matrix in which conducting particles are dispersed in a polymer matrix and are separated by tunnel junctions. In this model, the conductivity in the film is determined by the number of conductive paths, N, and the

• . Nevertheless, the overall shape of the second curve is similar to the first one. Figure 2d shows a typical stress vs strain curve for a polymer film [32]. The trend of the curve looks similar to the resistance vs strain curve for NCG in Figure 2a. Since polymers are insulators, literature on resistance vs

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• Loncastuximab tesirine, launched in 2021 to treat B-cell lymphoma [84]. Nearly 10% are polymer–drug/protein conjugates such as polyethylene glycol-ʟ-asparaginase (Calaspargase pegol, Asparlas), launched in 2019 in the USA to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia [85]. Another 10% are protein-based nanoparticles

Comparative electron microscopy particle sizing of TiO₂ pigments: sample preparation and measurement

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Christopher Drury,
• Markus Rohe,
• Thomas Koch,
• Jochen Winkler and
• Petr Pikal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 317–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.29

• as in [11], differences in method M1 with respect to [11][21] are described below. These three methods differ substantially in all their characteristic steps, including ultrasonic bath dispersion in water, dry dispersion in a solid polymer, and the powdering onto a sticky sample stub without

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• the use of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) polymer, is a widely used modification method to improve passive tumor targeting and retention [26][27][28]. In a study presented in the literature, PEGylation was used to impart passive tumor targeting properties to PDA nanoparticles. In in vivo experiments

• morphology and a size of 18 nm. After coating with PDA at different ratios, the size reaches up to 28, 61, and 225 nm. Another point is that PEGylation has been applied using SH-PEG polymer to enhance biocompatibility. Notably, our study demonstrates a significantly higher drug loading efficiency of 98

• external magnetic field. This finding is crucial for future studies on magnetic field-guided drug release and tumour treatment. Particularly, our research also investigates the effect of varying polymer ratios on drug release kinetics and photothermal efficiency, which was not addressed in the

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• mg of F127 was separately added to the tubes, and the ligand exchange was performed at 4 °C for one week. The tube without added polymer was designated as PVA@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (PVA@NP). Then, the nanoparticles were centrifuged for 30 min at 12,000 rpm and resuspended in distilled water. The final

• approx. 150 nm. However, there was a polymer layer covering the outside of the NPs, which made the spherical shape of the NPs not clear. Drug loading and release Entrapment of chlorambucil The entrapment of chlorambucil in the NPs was calculated by measuring the OD absorption of CHL in NPs after

• theragnostic applications, we have produced PLGA nanoparticles that carry chlorambucil as the chemotherapeutic medication and iron oxide nanoparticles as the imaging agent. Li et al., 2023, published similar results on F127@PLGA nanoparticles and claimed that the F127 polymer flocculates over the PVA layer

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• studies on CdSe/ZnS nanodots as dopants in a polymer–fullerene matrix for application in organic solar cells. An assembly of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) and 6,6-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester was used as the active reference layer. Absorption and luminescence spectra as well as the dispersion

• of QD-doped devices was compared to the reference system (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/aluminium). PEDOT:PSS ([poly(3.4-ethylene dioxythiophene] polystyrene sulfonate) is an intrinsically conductive polymer, a mixture of two ionomers, with a HOMO level equal to 5.17 eV [61]. It is widely used as a charge

• -hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/polymer-[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/Ca/Al [66]. With poly{[2,7-(9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-hexylfluorene])-alt-[5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]} (PFDTBT) quantum dots doped into organic solar cells, a maximum PCE equal to 6.81% was obtained, corresponding to a

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• amide groups and free amine groups at the ends of its polymer chains, as well as carboxyl groups. These amide and amine groups provide excellent hydrogen bonding sites [23][24]. Regarding the binding of antibody to protein A/G, it has been described that this occurs at pH values between 5 and 8 because

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• polymer solution blended with additional components is applied under a high-voltage electrostatic field, generating a charged and stretched solution jet following nanofiber formation [8][9]. Drug delivery systems based on nanofiber scaffolds produced by electrospinning method have strongly attracted

• nanofiber compositions [11][12][13]. For a long-term drug release, hydrophobic polymers are chosen for the preparation of drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds. This is because the hydrophobicity of the polymer could form air gaps, slowing matrix hydration and suppressing drug diffusion from the nanofibers [14

• ]. The core/shell nanofiber structure can also prolong the drug release since the polymer shell plays a role as a rate-control barrier [15]. On the other hand, the nanofiber scaffolds fabricated using suitable hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers are used to improve the dissolution profile and

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• -stage synthesis of polymer composites based on PNIPAAm hydrogel was presented. Both conductive particles in the form of conductive carbon black (cCB) and MnCo2O4 (MCO) spinel particles were suspended in the three-dimensional structure of the hydrogel. The MCO particles in the resulting hydrogel

• ; hydrogel; hydrogen; oxygen evolution reaction; polymer composites; Introduction Hydrogels are defined as a group of polymeric materials with an insoluble hydrophilic structure which gives them the ability to absorb and hold large amounts of water (up to over 99 wt %) in their three-dimensional network

• . The phenomenon in which hydrogels swell in water while not dissolving in it is due to hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymer backbone and cross-links between the network chains. High water content makes hydrogel materials similar in terms of microstructure and flexibility to living

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• impact specific drug release kinetics and increase biocompatibility [60]. Different biodegradable polymers have been used for the development of targeted PNPs for the treatment of leishmaniasis [102]. In this scenario, chitosan is an interesting polymer for NP synthesis due to its positive charge, which

• favors adsorption by negatively charged cell membranes [103]. Additionally, studies have revealed antileishmanial properties of this polymer against Leishmania parasites, making it attractive for the synthesis of NPs intended for this treatment [56][104]. Therefore, Chaubey and colleagues developed

• cytotoxicity observed in in vivo studies. Hence, chitosan-based nanoparticles are a good strategy for drug delivery intended to treat leishmaniasis. This polymer can stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, as they bind to receptors present in the cells of the immune system [106]. In this