On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• %), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (7.2%) or X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (5.6%). It has the advantages of relatively low cost, simple sample preparation, quick measurements, and automated analysis, offering clear benefits for quality control applications. It has been demonstrated in several

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• analysed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. Reflectance spectra of the white areas are measured. No clear difference is present in the morphology of micro- and nanostructures of black and white scales in SEM and TEM, but black scales contain a

• longitudinal ridges extend beyond the apical portion of the scale, thus forming an apical fringe (Figure 3c). Some details of the nanostructures, characterising the tarsal scales of Ae. albopictus, have been clarified with the aid of TEM (Figure 4). Cross sections of the tarsi in their white (Figure 4a–d) or

• (Figure 4b–d,h). Such nanovoids originate from the rests of epidermal cells and appear in TEM as white or light grey areas inside the scales, together with electron-dense debris (Figure 4h). Their occurrence is higher at the bases of microribs, because the cuticle thickness is higher there (Figure 4h

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band has been found at 417 and 424 nm for Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs, respectively. The formation of a chitosan shell comprising quercetin and caffeic acid, which surround the

• colloidal core Ag NPs, was confirmed by UV–vis, and FTIR analyses, and monitored by TEM microscopy. The size of nanoparticles has been determined as 11.2 and 10.3 nm for Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag, respectively. The anticancer activity of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs has been evaluated against U-118 MG (human

• first time the one-pot synthesis of Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs and their biological properties (anticancer and antibacterial). Ag NPs have been prepared and characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, and TEM measurements. In another study of ours, Lomustine, a common drug against glioblastoma cancer, was applied at a

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• E2859-11 for AFM analysis, and ISO 21363:2020 for substrate-supported TEM analysis. When at all possible, obtaining the distribution of sizes from these methods with extension to obtain geometric properties (aspect ratio, minimum diameter, circularity, roundness, or sphericity) will allow for the

• comparison within different batches, formulations, particle types, and standards. For particle systems that do not exist in a solid state, cryo-TEM or submersion AFM can offer alternative routes. These measurements will provide high-resolution particle distributions for in-solvent particles, though they may

• ultracentrifugation provide ensemble detection of size distributions with their own issues and complexities (e.g., gradient-induced aggregation and pressure-induced particle reconfiguration) [65]. Determination of size on a per-particle basis, such as that obtained from NTA or the aforementioned cryo-TEM/solution AFM

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• diameter dE = 50 ± 12 nm (estimated by cryo-TEM), whereas the diameter of the derived PLGA nanoparticles (dP) was 25 ± 7 nm as estimated from TEM [24], which gives a dP/dE ratio of 0.5. Higher dP/dE ratios were found by dynamic light scattering, especially at low polymer concentrations (note that the

• ethyl acetate evaporation showed an average diameter between 29 and 44 nm as determined from TEM images. The diameter appeared to increase with the O/S ratio (in qualitative agreement with Equation 2 and Equation 3), but was much smaller than that of the nanodroplet templates as a result of solvent

• 80/20 and water contents above 87 wt %, with droplet sizes in the 180–190 nm range. The derived ethyl cellulose nanoparticles had a size between 107 and 161 nm as estimated by TEM and SEM (Figure 2). Dexamethasone (DXM), a steroid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant activity, was

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• NP interaction with cell membranes in order to eliminate the participation of transcellular transport was also investigated. In fact, TEM micrographs revealed a small number of 18 nm AuNPs undergoing endocytosis. However, subsequent studies with a cocktail of endocytosis inhibitors confirmed the

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• ; ORR; PEMFCs; PLD deposition; Pt catalyst; rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE); SEM; TEM; XPS; Introduction Fuel cells, which cleanly and efficiently convert the chemical energy of hydrogen or other fuels to electrical energy, are a good alternative to dirty and wasteful combustion engines for

• , morphology, and chemical composition of the fabricated catalysts were investigated using TEM, SEM, EDX, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements determined the performance of the fabricated catalysts. Results and Discussion Synthesis of a highly graphitized carbon material The synthesis of

• was conducted with a number of laser pulses varying between 10000 and 60000 to investigate the influence of the amount of deposited platinum on the size of the formed PtNPs and their distribution on carbon supports (Table 1). The results of the TEM and EDX measurements are shown in Figure 3. Based on

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• characterization methods (AFM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, photoluminescence, and EPR) indicate the significant influence of the precursor on structural, chemical, and optical properties. Antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests showed that these dots did not have any antibacterial potential, because of the low extent of reactive

• cytotoxic properties of CQDs and CQD/polyurethane composites. Results and Discussion Surface morphology Figure S1 (Supporting Information File 1) presents the surface morphology of the CQD samples. Figure S1a shows a TEM micrograph of CQDs. The average diameter of these dots is 4 ± 1 nm. A top-view AFM

• image of CQDs is presented in Figure S1b (Supporting Information File 1). TEM and AFM images show that the CQDs are spherical. Statistical analysis conducted on more than 20 AFM images in Gwyddion software showed that more than 80% of the CQDs had a diameter between 2 and 5 nm while their height was 2.6

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reflectance measurements to assess the optical properties and the durability of the functionalized textiles. Results and Discussion Photoinduced synthesis of the Ag@polymer coating Specific monomers poly(ethylene glycol) 600 diacrylate

• (Figure 4a) and Ag@PEG600DA/PETIA (Figure 4b) coatings, respectively. The AgNP size dispersion is also slightly higher in the case of Ag@PEG600DA. Both results are coherent with the peak and FMWH values calculated from the absorbance spectra (Figure 2c). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) cross

• the final size of the AgNPs (see Figure 5). As a result, high reflectance is linked to the formation of a thick and compact top metal layer, which is indeed the case for the Ag@PEG600DA coating. Moreover, the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns obtained during TEM analysis proved the

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• shell of approx. 15 nm (as estimated by transmission electron microscopy, TEM). The latter is made up of covalently grafted PS macromolecules resulting from the copolymerization of styrene with methacryloxymethyl groups. As previously demonstrated [25], these PS chains can serve as sticky patches when

• , both electrostatic repulsions between NPs were reduced due to negatively charged silanolate groups at their surfaces and the solvent quality for the PS chains [29]. The statistical analysis of the TEM images obtained from samples collected at different incubation times allowed us to plot the time

• deposition on TEM grids. Co-assembly of one- and two-patch silica nanoparticles The incubation of the nanoparticles in a 7:3 (vol/vol) THF/salty water mixture was carried out in 15 mL tubes under rolling motion at 60 rpm and at room temperature. The composition of the mixtures is given in Table 1

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• be adsorbed on the surface of the particles, ensures nanodispersion stability (Figure 1) [31]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs of the prepared nanoparticles confirmed their size between 8 and 16 nm (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The diameter and shape of the nanoparticles depend on the

• particularly good agreement of indices (Rexp = 0.44, Rp = 1.17, Rwp = 1.75, RBragg = 24.23, and GoF = 15.55) confirmed a proper refinement. The size of 8–13 nm was determined from the TEM microphotographs of the particles synthesized using OA. This value is actually closer to the average size of the

• typical for the presence of superparamagnetic relaxation phenomena suggested a very small size (about 10 nm compared to results from the literature) for the synthesized nanoparticles, which was consistent with electron and XRD diffraction results, as well as TEM results. Different fitting models can be

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• Center FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, and were partly supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the State assignment FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS in the part of SEM and TEM measurements. Funding The work was supported by the Mirror

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• nanocomposite characterizations The surface morphology of MWCNTs and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite is characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, S4800) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL-1400). The crystallization behavior of the catalysts is analyzed by X-ray

• is observed on the surface of the MWCNTs (Figure 2c). Figure 3 shows TEM images of the MWCNTs, TiO2 powder, and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite. Figure 3a shows that the pristine MWCNTs are uniform and possess an external diameter of less than 50 nm with a wall thickness of roughly 10 nm. Moreover, the

• defects in the initial MWCNTs are hardly affected by the TiO2 nanoparticles. The TEM image also confirms that TiO2 nanoparticles only attach to some defects on the MWCNTs (Figure 3c) [17]. FTIR spectra of MWCNTs, TiO2, and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite are shown in Figure 6a. Regarding the spectrum of

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• -dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were used to characterize nanoparticle development. The breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was used as a test model to study the cytotoxic behavior of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles and, as a counterpart, the nanoparticles were also

• nanoparticles as a function of temperature, the micrographs obtained by TEM in Figure 6 show different behaviors both in size and shape of the nanoparticles with respect to temperature. These results are consistent with UV–vis spectra shown in Figure 4, where each curve has a different maximum depending on the

• percentage of biosynthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles (52% − 36% = 16%). The degradation of the product with respect to temperature exhibited a behavior similar to that of nanoparticle biosynthesis, as shown by XRD, EDX, and TEM. That is, there is a difference in the degradation at intermediate temperatures (Ag

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• (Figure 8). One can see that, at the incipient stage, the precipitate grows in the form of separate needle-shaped airy globules of about 1 µm diameter (Figure 8a). Similar needle-like particles were observed by Hyun-Min Kim et al. in TEM investigations after SBF immersion of synthetic hydroxyapatite and

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• determined and calculated using the following formula: The morphology of AB-LNPs was obtained on a Hitachi HT7700 transmission electron microscope (TEM, Hitachi, Japan). AB-LNPs were diluted and plated on a carbon-coated copper grid. The stability of AB-LNPs The stability of AB-LNPs was studied by measuring

• in H2O. The binding of hydrophobic BDP onto Au-LNPs might affect the light absorption of Au nanoclusters. The loading efficiency of BDP in AB-LNPs determined by using UV–vis measurements (λex = 600 nm) is 51 ± 1.2% (n = 3). A TEM image of AB-LNPs is shown in Figure 1c. Particles with diameters of ca

• characterization of AB-LNPs. (a) Size distribution of Au-LNPs and AB-LNPs. Digital photo of AB-LNPs showing distinct Tyndall effects. (b) UV–vis spectra of BDP and AB-LNPs. (c) TEM image of AB-LNPs. Photothermal properties of AB-LNPs. (a) Photothermal heating curves for AB-LNPs at different BDP concentrations with

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• (Figure 2). The morphology of nanoG and nanoGS in term of size, shape, and core–shell configuration was confirmed by TEM analyses. The gold NPs were spherical with an average size of 8 ± 3 nm, whereas the mean diameter increased to 11 ± 3 nm for core–shell NPs, resulting in the formation of a 1.5 nm

• ultrapure water. The results are reported as the mean of three separate measurements ± the standard deviation (SD). The morphological characterization was performed using a high-resolution TecnaiG2 F20 XTWIN TEM with a 200 kV accelerating voltage. NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 500 MHz spectrometer

• pentamidine and Au@Ag/PolyCD (nanoGSP). (A) UV–vis spectra of nanoG and nanoGS (red line: freshly prepared nanoGS; blue line: 4 times diluted nanoGS; d = 1 cm for nanoG and d = 0.2 cm for nanoGS). (B,C) TEM images of nanoG and nanoGS, respectively. Scale bar is 5 nm. (A) 1H-NMR spectra of PolyCD, nanoG, and

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• X-ray spectrum analysis confirms the 1:1:1:1.5:1.5 stoichiometric ratio of, respectively, Ag, Zn, Ga, S, and Se. These two results indicate the formation of I-II-III-VI3-type alloyed crystals (AgZnGaS1.5Se1.5 nanocrystals). TEM image analysis reveals the QD nature of the synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se

Enhanced electronic transport properties of Te roll-like nanostructures

• E. R. Viana,
• N. Cifuentes and
• J. C. González

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1284–1291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.106

• (TEM), and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED). Individual Te roll-like nanobelts were connected in back-gate FETs and measured to characterize the electronic transport as a function of temperature. Methods Growth of Te roll-like one-dimensional nanostructures Te nanostructures were grown via an

• (SEM, FEI Quanta 3D FEG) at an acceleration voltage of 15.0 kV. An EDS system attached to the SEM was employed to analyze the chemical composition. TEM, high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images, and SAED measurements were carried out in an FEI Tecnai G2-20 S-TWIN operated at 200 kV in a bright-field (BF) TEM

• mode. EDS point acquisitions were also performed during TEM analysis by using a silicon drift detector (SDD) from Oxford Instruments. Electronic transport The electronic transport properties of the sample were investigated by acquiring and modeling the transfer and gate curves of Te roll-like single

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• -Printed Porous Carbon Film for Electricity Generation from Evaporation-Driven Water Flow”, Adv. Funct. Mater., with permission from John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (c) HR-TEM image of CB and a schematic depiction

• John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Vapor pressure gradient near the air interface. (b) TEM images of the purified nanowire network. Scale bars: 100 nm. (c) Diagram of the protein device structure. Figure 8a–c

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

• -C3N4 [55]. SEM and TEM analyses The morphology of g-C3N4, MgO, and 3%MgO@g-C3N4 has been determined through SEM and TEM analyses. The typical bulk structure of g-C3N4 is shown in Figure 5e,f. The difference between the morphologies of MgO and g-C3N4 is difficult to observe by SEM (Figure 5c,d). Figure

• observe in Figure 7c,d. However, the shape of MgO is complicated to determine by TEM and HR-TEM (Figure 7a,b). These results prove the presence of MgO in the compound. Chemical state analysis XPS and HR-XPS have been employed to determine the chemical states of the materials. XPS survey scans of g-C3N4

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• microscopy (HR-TEM) on a JEOL JEM-2100. The thermal decomposition of zinc resinate to form ZnO NPs were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves using thermal gravimetric analysis (DSC131, LABSYS TG/DSC1600, TMv), by heating up to 1000 °C at a heating rate

• maximum (FWHM). The morphology and size of ZnO NPs were illustrated using FESEM and HRTEM. The FESEM image shown in Figure 4 indicates that ZnO NPs have a relatively homogeneous size. The HR-TEM results and particle size distributions obtained from the HR-TEM images are shown in Figure 5. The HR-TEM

• hexagonal wurtzite structure form. The HR-TEM image showed the interplanar spacing of 0.251 ± 0.003 nm corresponding to the (101) crystal plane of ZnO, and the size of ZnO NPs is in the range of 30–100 nm. The bandgap energy of synthesized ZnO was 3.15 eV. Synthesized ZnO NPs showed high photocatalytic

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• fast, low-cost, and convenient cancer imaging applications. The particle size of the CDs was 10.14 nm as calculated by TEM [64]. Zhai et al. compared different synthetic methods to find the most suitable route to obtain fluorescent CDs from the green precursor Setcreasea purpurea boom [66]. The

• cerasifera fruit was used to synthesize highly luminescent CDs via a hydrothermal method. The reaction temperature and time used were 200 °C and 20 h, respectively. Characterization techniques such as TEM, FTIR, and XPS were used to study the CDs which were almost spherical and had high nitrogen content [49

• contents of 1.2% S, 60.4% C, 34.6% O, and 3.8% N [112]. Wei et al. reported N,S-CDs using Allium fistulosum as a green precursor. The prepared CDs revealed a diameter of about 4.22 nm by TEM and the QY obtained was up to 10.48% [110]. Azadirachta indica leaves was used to prepare fluorescent N-CDs by Yadav

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• , FEI-quanta 200, Japan Electronics, Japan), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI-Tecnai F20, USA) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEOL 2100F, Japan). The element valence and chemical composition was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Axis ultra

• morphology and microstructure of Bi2O3, MIL101(Fe), and BOM-20 were observed by SEM, TEM, and HRTEM. Figure 2 shows SEM images of Bi2O3, MIL101(Fe), and BOM-20. Figure 2a reveals that MIL101(Fe) appears as an octahedron with a smooth surface and size of approx. 1–2 μm, which is consistent with a previous

• slowing the nucleation rate of MIL101(Fe). To verify the formation of a heterojunction between MIL101(Fe) and Bi2O3, TEM and HRTEM images were obtained. As seen in Figure 3b and Figure 3c, TEM images of BOM-20 confirm that tiny Bi2O3 nanoparticles closely and uniformly adhere to the surface of MIL101(Fe