Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

• chain of atoms is left. Conclusion The existence of sp1-hybridized carbon has been secured experimentally and is undisputed. The high instability of bulk carbyne, however, due to cross-linking between chains of carbon atoms, made the availability of this material in bulk quantities and under ambient

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• cross-linking effects and thus requires in situ characterization techniques, as reported in many papers [7][47]. A similar approach was exploited using thermal or laser vaporization cluster sources [6][48]. sp carbon has also been produced by ion irradiation of amorphous carbon [49] and by femtosecond

• , as required to induce a cumulenic structure. Secondly, they are chosen to be bulky enough to prevent interactions among sp chains, thus avoiding cross-linking and degradation. Raman spectroscopy of carbon-atom wires As pointed out when discussing the structural and electronic properties, the

• , we can obtain a fair representation of the experimental spectrum. Hydrogen-terminated polyynes show limited stability with time since they easily undergo a transition towards sp2 as a consequence of cross-linking reactions [77]. It is known that end groups bulkier than hydrogen, such as phenyls or

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• -assembled vesicles and micelles in water, depending on the chosen block length ratio [19]. The high amount of present double bonds in the micelle core offers the possibility of radically initiated cross-linking of the structures or even microemulsion polymerizations to produce very dense capsules. Review

• has shown to drastically enhance the fluorescence properties, namely the fluorescence quantum efficiency, of encapsulated CdSe/CdS/ZnS and CdSe/CdxZn(1-x)S/ZnS core–shell–shell quantum dots (QDs). This enhancement can be explained to a certain extent by the cross-linking of the micelles but further

• emulsion polymerization has been developed, in which additional monomer like styrene, isoprene and divinylbenzene are added as a cross-linking reagent after the micellar encapsulation and polymerized in the hydrophobic core [26]. The monomers react with the double bonds of the PI forming a covalently

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• AuNCs (diameter less than 10 nm) accumulate at the membrane prior to internalization by the cell as a whole (Figure 3), and that a certain NP concentration on the membrane is required to overcome the energy costs associated with membrane bending. By contrast, a larger NP can act as a cross-linking agent

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• their aggregation; spherical-shaped profiles of liposomes could be observed along and near the carbon nanotubes. Thus, a carbon nanotube network was formed by the cross-linking of CNTs via liposomes with islands of lipid vesicles. This proves that the bionanocomposite undergoes self-assembly in an

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

• Saumya Sharma,
• Mohamad Khawaja,
• Manoj K. Ram,
• D. Yogi Goswami and
• Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

• structure. The selection of the insulating material is very important: it should be amphiphilic, compatible with the LB technique and polymerizable. Such cross-linking can make the film more compact, thereby reducing the intermolecular distance and making the film more resistant to physical damage during

• dioxide at a deposition pressure of 3 mTorr. The LB films of 20 and 30 PDA monolayers were deposited onto this Ni-coated substrate using the LB deposition technique [10][18][19]. The Langmuir monolayer was exposed to 254 nm UV radiation to allow cross-linking of the monomers. A confined Ni top contact was

• electrolyte. The PDA shows half-redox characteristics in the CV studies suggesting it is a pseudo-redox material. The redox peak of the PDA LB film shows a distinct shift with an increase in the scan rate from 5 to 150 mV/s. This peak can be attributed to the cross-linking of the vinyl group caused by the UV

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

• strategies for the formation of hybrid materials have been recently reviewed elsewhere in detail [2]. In the present review, we will describe the use of biopolymers as controlling agents and templates, which implies that the polymer is almost always formed beforehand. Nevertheless, cross-linking processes of

Electrostatic interplay: The interaction triangle of polyamines, silicic acid, and phosphate studied through turbidity measurements, silicomolybdic acid test, and ²⁹Si NMR spectroscopy

• Anne Jantschke,
• Katrin Spinde and
• Eike Brunner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2026–2035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.211

• or bioinspired silica synthesis approaches [21][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The addition of negatively charged phosphate ions (see above) to pure LCPA solutions has already been studied in detail. Phosphate results in a cross-linking of the positively charged LCPAs. The resulting self-assembly

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

• unordered manner. In the presence of actin-cross-linking proteins, self-organised actin structures emerged, which were similar to those in living motile cells [69][70]. The liposomes, which incorporated these actin networks, exhibited nonspherical shapes. Experimental protocols on preparing giant liposomes

• with encapsulated actin, myosin and other cross-linking proteins are discussed in more detail by Takiguchi et al. [69]. In a later study, actomyosin cortices were anchored to the outside or inside of cell-sized liposomes. This arrangement also resulted in shape changes of the biomimetic system. The

Classical molecular dynamics investigations of biphenyl-based carbon nanomembranes

• Andreas Mrugalla and
• Jürgen Schnack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 865–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.98

• stripe configuration always forms (for all reasonable γ). This is in part also observed in DFT calculations [8]. Only for a sufficient randomization of the initial state, which corresponds to a substantial excitation and to the breakup of sufficiently many phenyls, a true cross-linking is observed. The

• would like to discard cross-linking mechanisms that rest on very special properties of just one molecule. Conclusion Our investigations demonstrate that carbon nanomembranes, which are produced from molecular precursors such as biphenylthiols, very likely constitute irregular metastable configurations

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• ]. Therefore, if the density of inter-tube bonds is sufficiently high, a tightly-packed bundle of covalently cross-linked nanotubes (analogous to the cross-linking of polymer chains) with substantially changed mechanical properties, compared to MWCNT arrays, could be synthesized. The aligned MWCNT arrays were

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• Xianghui Zhang Henning Vieker Andre Beyer Armin Golzhauser Department of Physics, Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.20 Abstract The irradiation-induced cross-linking of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is a

• universal method for the fabrication of ultrathin carbon nanomembranes (CNMs). Here we demonstrate the cross-linking of aromatic SAMs due to exposure to helium ions. The distinction of cross-linked from non-cross-linked regions in the SAM was facilitated by transferring the irradiated SAM to a new substrate

• , which allowed for an ex situ observation of the cross-linking process by helium ion microscopy (HIM). In this way, three growth regimes of cross-linked areas were identified: formation of nuclei, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) growth. The evaluation of the corresponding HIM images

Energy transfer in complexes of water-soluble quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in different environments

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Alexander V. Baranov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov and
• Mikhail Artemyev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.101

• cross-linking reagent was performed. Using PEG as an additional QD shell resulted in an increase of the average distance between the QD and Ce6 molecules in the complexes to ≈5.5 nm. For the complexes, formed via electrostatic interaction, the hydrophobic CdSe/ZnS/TOPO QDs with a core diameter of 5.0 nm

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• between two OTS molecules leading to a cross-linking of the layer molecules. Thus, the presence of a surface water layer on the silicon oxide is a necessary condition for the monolayer formation, but on the other hand too much water on the surface also promotes vertical polymerization. As the silicon

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• -applications as their elasticity can be tuned in a wide range simply by changing the cross-linker content in the structure. In that manner, PLL/HA films gained more attention than their analogues, and a wide range of Young’s moduli between 3 and 400 kPa was accessed by cross-linking (mostly with 1-ethyl-3-(3

Horizontal versus vertical charge and energy transfer in hybrid assemblies of semiconductor nanoparticles

• Gilad Gotesman,
• Rahamim Guliamov and
• Ron Naaman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 629–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.72

• linker-dependent quenching for DT arises from cross-linking of the NPs within the layer and thereby facilitates charge transfer within the adsorbed monolayers of acceptor NPs in the horizontal plane. The energy transfer process, within the layer of the large NPs, probably takes place due to close packing

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• combined to make the film ready for lithographic applications [52][53]. Zemla et al. [52] describe a technique where after cross-linking one polymer, the other one is removed, and a protein is adsorbed at the free surface areas. The second polymer, however, cannot be dissolved due to the cross-linking and

Directed deposition of silicon nanowires using neopentasilane as precursor and gold as catalyst

• Britta Kämpken,
• Verena Wulf,
• Norbert Auner,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Michael Huth,
• Daniel Rhinow and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 535–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.62

• ” persisted, reproducing the pattern of the mask (Figure 12, left). Obviously cross-linking occurs during the irradiation, decreasing the solubility of this material (negative photoresist). Annealing of this patterned film for one hour in the presence of air, as described above, left a thin but visible layer

Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanotubes on indium tin oxide electrodes for organic solar cells

• Andrea Capasso,
• Luigi Salamandra,
• Aldo Di Carlo,
• John M. Bell and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.60

• induce cross linking between the inner shells (walls) of the tubes through sp3 bond formation, facilitating charge-carrier hopping to inner shells [28]. Such intershell bridging provides additional charge-carrier transport pathways, offsetting the effect of a conductivity decrease induced by defect

FTIR nanobiosensors for Escherichia coli detection

• Stefania Mura,
• Gianfranco Greppi,
• Maria Laura Marongiu,
• Pier Paolo Roggero,
• Sandeep P. Ravindranath,
• Lisa J. Mauer,
• Nicoletta Schibeci,
• Francesco Perria,
• Massimo Piccinini,
• Plinio Innocenzi and
• Joseph Irudayaraj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 485–492, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.55

• demonstrated. Cross-linking tethers were used to immobilize antibodies effectively through a chemical method. E. coli O157:H7 was identified and classified with standard methods and according to its infrared signature. Nanomaterials used for the immobilization and detection of pathogens, enabled the possible

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• the membrane filter. PDMS polymer was prepared by mixing the viscous PDMS liquid (Sylgard 184) and the cross-linking agent at a mass ratio of 10:1. The mixed PDMS was poured into a polystyrene Petri dish and dried in vacuum for 5 h to form a rubbery PDMS film. The PDMS liquid was also used for making

• a vacuum drying process for cross-linking of the polymer. The thickness of the PDMS layer above the ZnO nanowire film can be controlled by adjusting the volume of PDMS liquid in the Petri dish. In this work the thickness of the PDMS layer above the ZnO nanowire film was about 2 mm. For the devices

Forming nanoparticles of water-soluble ionic molecules and embedding them into polymer and glass substrates

• Stella Kiel,
• Olga Grinberg,
• Nina Perkas,
• Jerome Charmet,
• Herbert Kepner and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 267–276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.30

• . One of these methods is chemical bonding. For example, the cross-linking process was used for the embedding of NaCl nanocrystals into polymers containing unsaturated double bonds [1][2]. Some other methods were developed for the coating of polymers with nanocrystals of NaCl, Na2CO3 and Na2SO4

Analysis of fluid flow around a beating artificial cilium

• Mojca Vilfan,
• Gašper Kokot,
• Andrej Vilfan,
• Natan Osterman,
• Blaž Kavčič,
• Igor Poberaj and
• Dušan Babič

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 163–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.16

• substrate. Direct illumination of the photoresist with an UV laser (Omikron Laserage GmbH, Bluephoton LDM375.20.CWA.L, 375 nm, Zeiss LD Plan-neofluar 10x/0.4 Korr objective) caused cross-linking of SU-8 molecules in the desired pattern [25]. The position of the laser beam was steered by acousto-optic

Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane: Surface structures formed using different protocols of particle lithography

• ChaMarra K. Saner,
• Kathie L. Lusker,
• Zorabel M. LeJeune,
• Wilson K. Serem and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 114–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.12

• ][8][9]. The surface self-assembly of organosilanes such as octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) is complicated, with multiple steps of hydrolysis, cross-linking and silanation [10][11][12][13]. To develop robust and reproducible lithography procedures with OTS, parameters, such as temperature, humidity

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

• Zhe She,
• Andrea DiFalco,
• Georg Hähner and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

• exposure to electrons (positive-resist behaviour), in contrast to aromatic SAMs in which the molecular structure of the SAM is essentially preserved [40] apart from the cross-linking of the aromatic moieties. The rather ill-defined electron-induced degradation of aliphatic SAMs makes it very difficult to

• irradiation is a cross-linking of the aromatic units, which results in the elimination of defects through which metal ions can penetrate the SAM and be reduced at the SAM–substrate interface. In contrast to a scheme that involves complexation of metal ions with the SAM [41][42][43] and in which the metal is

• patterned SAM, Z0 becomes a function of the exposed topology. For aromatic SAMs, such as MBP0, which exhibit negative-resist behaviour, the density of nucleation sites Z0 is determined by the extent of cross-linking of the molecules. While the exact relationship between the defect size in the SAM and the