Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• adsorbing heavy metals and radionuclides [16]. However, chitosan exhibits limited mechanical stability, is sensitive to pH variations, and tends to swell [17]. To improve the spinnability of chitosan during the electrospinning process, it is commonly blended with other polymers, such as PVA [18

• atom backbone ensures chemical stability and compatibility with diverse environments. Figure 3 shows the chemical structure of PVA. PVA is known for its biodegradability, allowing it to disintegrate in both aerobic and anaerobic environments. This feature is crucial for industries concerned about the

• hydrophilicity, and low thermal stability [106][107]. The disadvantages often necessitate the combination of PVA with other materials or the application of post-processing techniques such as cross-linking or coating for performance improvement [108]. As a countermeasure, Rafieian et al. [109] proposed

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• capacity to absorb light and concerns about catalytic stability, photocatalysis outperforms other advanced oxidation processes in multiple aspects. This study focuses on summarizing recent advances in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts. By reviewing the latest

• heterojunctions are classified based on their charge transfer mechanism and the presence or absence of mediators. The direct Z-scheme relies on the direct electron transfer between photocatalysts; eliminating the electron mediator simplifies the design and enhances stability but may suffer from higher charge

• more complicated to fabricate and possibly beset by stability problems due to mediator degradation, indirect Z-schemes are nevertheless often used in applications that demand high charge separation performance. In contrast, direct Z-schemes are best suited for systems where robustness and simplicity

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) functionalization of the nanoparticles have been observed, which ultimately should affect their lipophilicity and, hence, colloidal stability in apolar or polar solvents. Two-phase liquid systems and the possibility to transfer the surfactant-free nanoparticles from one liquid phase into another remain practically

• parameters. As such, nanoparticle size [32][33], colloidal stability [33], gas formation [11][34], degree of oxidation [35][36][37], and nanoparticle productivity [11][32][33][34] can be influenced and tailored to specific needs. Although it may be expected that the particles’ reactivity with the solvent and

• synthesize heterogeneous catalysts by deposition of nanoparticles, the specific nanoparticle solubility, and eventually also the colloidal stability of the individual nanoparticles, in different solvents is required [47][48]. If the colloid does not possess required properties such as colloidal stability

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• enable transport and delivery to brain tumors. Inorganic nanostructures as TMZ carriers have shown several advantages compared to organic ones with respect to physicochemical stability and potency/cytotoxic activity, overcoming their main disadvantages, that is, hydrophobicity/fluidity and toxicity by

• characterization of all formulations regarding interactions of the components and their stability during the preparation procedures, different techniques were used including infrared (IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), and Raman spectroscopy as well as TGA. For analyzing potential structural changes in the CNs

• after exposure to irradiation, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used. The stability of TMZ under these conditions was determined unsing attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and UV–vis spectroscopy. Most of the procedures and techniques were used in our previous study [43

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• , making them ideal candidates for serving as carrier materials [6]. Additionally, nanoscale carrier materials offer the advantage of high loading capacity, remarkable stability, and the ability to enhance rhizobacterial resilience against drought conditions. Moreover, they provide convenience in both

• can affect the stability of a substance, ion interactions, and molecular ionization in a solution. However, the effect of pH and EC values on the psychochemical properties highly depends on the material’s application [28][29]. Pd rhizobacterium typically thrives optimally at pH 7.5 and exhibits

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , and inorganic semiconductor materials that absorb light through bandgap transitions [25]. The specific photothermal properties of these materials, encompassing aspects such as range and rate of light absorption, photothermal conversion efficiency, heat transfer capability, and photothermal stability

• photothermal agents [61]. Organic small molecule dyes are easy to remove from the eye, however, they suffer from low photothermal conversion efficiency, easy photobleaching, low water solubility, and low stability [39]. Common organic small molecule dyes include cyanine dyes (e.g., indocyanine green (ICG

• molecule dyes can be modulated by intramolecular rotation or intermolecular interactions [63]. By using nanocarrier encapsulation and self-assembly strategies, the water solubility and stability of organic small molecule dyes can be improved, and photobleaching can be reduced [64]. Materials that undergo

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , including regenerative solvent-based absorption [2][6], fixed-bed adsorption [7], cryogenic separation techniques [8], and membrane separation methods [9][10][11][12]. Of these, membrane technology offers advantages such as exceptional stability, high efficiency, low energy consumption, and ease of

• membranes exhibit superior thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability compared to organic membranes [72][73][74]. However, inorganic membranes tend to be brittle, which can lead to crack formation in the finalized membrane, thereby reducing their selective properties. While organic membranes typically

• balance both membrane permeability and selectivity while achieving better overall stability. This is achieved through the addition of inorganic fillers into organic membrane matrices leading to MMM systems. Nevertheless, incorporating inorganic additives into organic polymer membranes is complex

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• -based PSCs as a promising photovoltaic material. The double perovskite layer is a remarkable choice as active layer because of intrinsic carrier stability, low exciton binding energy, and low toxicity. Herein, the optimization of a planar DPSC with a multifunctional double perovskite absorber layer

• -circuit current density (JSC) of 13.26 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 66%. The PCE is close to that of the Pt-based counter electrode (PCE = 6.86%). Akman [3] used hydrothermal methods to synthesize the photoanodes with different doping sources to further improve the stability of DSSCs. For 1.0 mol

• under ambient conditions with humidity levels of 35–40%. Here, 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (3,4-DpACl) was used as an additive during perovskite fabrication. Despite significant research efforts, there are stability issues when working under critical environmental conditions, which is an

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• such as iron and gold [4][5]. Each material is chosen for its unique properties, such as size, hydrophilicity, and charge, that make it suitable for acting as a drug carrier. NCs can be functionalized on their surface to improve the stability and solubility of high-payload encapsulated cargos, promote

• delivery route despite the potential advantages of local approaches [6]. Once in the bloodstream, NCs are exposed to a wide range of forces, such as fluid shear stress, blood flow, opsonization, excretion, and interaction with the MPS, all of which influence NC stability and delivery. This challenging and

• unique physicochemical properties of these mannose-decorated hybrid NPs, such as controlled particle size (≈265 nm) and stability ensured by negative zeta potential, make them highly effective for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular drug delivery [57]. Similarly, hyaluronic acid-coated NCs

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• nanocomposites, like high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability, make them ideal candidates for the development of high-performance CO gas sensors. Carbon-nanocomposite gas sensors find their application in detecting pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2

• ), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and can be used for industrial safety, security, and defense [2]. Gas sensors consisting of metal oxide possess several disadvantages, such as high-power consumption, sensor stability, and low sensitivity. To reduce the cost of sensors

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• measurements were employed to analyze the morphology, dimensions, and elemental composition of the generated nanoparticles. The experimental outcomes confirmed the presence of hexagonal wurtzite-structured ZnO NPs with an average size of 10 nm. The colloidal system demonstrated excellent stability with a zeta

• wrinkled pattern, and it was found that the NPs average size was 72 nm. The presence of ZnO NPs on the surface was confirmed through EDX, which showed characteristic elemental peaks validating the composition (Figure 4a–d). Zeta potential The ZnO NPs synthesized using GP258 showed good stability as

• colloidal system. Our biosynthesized nanoparticles showed a zeta potential of −60 mV. It is considered that a NP colloid with a zeta potential of more than ±30 mV shows good stability against aggregation. The zeta average size was found to be 99 nm (Figure 4e,f). Electrochemical analysis Cyclic voltammetry

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• overall study that would be required, such as characterisation of the stock solution and assessment of the nanomaterials’ stability in the test medium. However, the beauty of the instance map approach is that this linking of experiments/experimental steps is easy. A related data capture template has been

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• stability on steel. Our study demonstrates the successful coating of stainless steel with SNFs, achieving super-hydrophobicity and resilience under high shear stress and explosion/decompression tests. Scaling experiments reveal a 75.5% reduction in calcium carbonate deposition on SNF-coated steel surfaces

• stability and hydrophobicity of these bioinspired nanofilaments on steel, a key material for industrial antiscaling applications that has not been investigated in this context. We test whether SNF coatings can prevent scaling of steel surfaces. In the following session, we describe a reliable procedure to

• coat stainless steel (Type 316) with nanofilaments, discuss stability test of the coatings, and the results of scaling experiments. Results and Discussion Nanofilamant performance and stability on steel Shear stress test of SNF coatings on steel Previous applications of SNF technology have been focused

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• . Fl is also more likely to be found inside p(Hist-CA) than on the surface. The addition of glucose (5 mM) also shows no significant changes, indicating the stability of Fl@p(Hist-CA) under typical glucose and pH conditions. The addition of ACh to Fl@p(Hist-CA) significantly increases Fl emission

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• complexes with liposomal components, enhancing both liposome stability and drug encapsulation. To gain deeper insight into the mechanisms underpinning SO’s potential as an endosomal escape agent, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have emerged as an indispensable computational tool. These simulations

• uniformity. However, the zeta potential significantly decreased to −24.12 ± 5.75 mV, reflecting a substantial change in surface charge due to the anionic nature of SO, which may enhance colloidal stability through electrostatic repulsion. The Aurein 1.2-modified liposomes (AUR-Lipo) showed a notable increase

• notable stability across the studied pH range. In contrast, SO-Lipo exhibited a significant reduction in the negativity of its zeta potential (−0.86 ± 5.14 mV), consistent with the expected protonation of SO to OLA under acidic conditions. Most strikingly, AUR-Lipo underwent a critical transition, as

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• such as: loss of stability, low efficiency in crossing biological barriers, inadequate efficacy in reaching target active molecules, and poor biodistribution [13][14]. Nanocarriers are employed to transport raw materials, which can be vesicles or solid nanoparticles [15]. Despite the significant

• neuronal mitochondria, as evidenced by fluorescence intensities identified in brain homogenates, and reduced Aβ1 deposition, demonstrating the ability of the nanocomposite to cross the BBB [71]. Inorganic nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, magnetic, and chemical properties and stability. Gold

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• pectins) (91 mN) than for plantain (32 mN) (pectins and some cellulose). We suppose that cellulose fibrils are involved rather in the mucilage stability than in the adhesion process itself [26][27][29]. However, more detailed studies including mucilages with higher content of cellulose (Ocimum basilicum

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• , stability, and other important qualities [14][15]. Iron oxide NPs, because of their minimal toxicity, are considered the most preferred agents for studying various biomedical applications [16]. There are many studies proving the biocompatibility of iron oxide NPs, and because of their unique properties

• cell labeling [17][18][19][20][21][22]. Their biocompatibility and stability fill the niche of applications that require properties unattainable by organic materials. Size control, prevention of aggregation through coating, specific interactions and dispersion, and the ability to penetrate cellular and

• , it can be concluded that the effects of all investigated samples on liver tissue exhibit a multifaceted character and diverse mechanisms of activity. These mechanisms depend on the size of Fe3O4 NPs, the hydrophilic shell diameter, solubility, aggregation, stability, and various other physicochemical

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• conductivity, and potent catalytic activity, make them ideal candidates for environmental monitoring and remediation [3]. Modifying silver nanoparticles with various biological molecules, peptides, proteins, and enzymes has further enhanced their functionality, stability, and selectivity towards specific

• confirmed via zeta potential measurements. The zeta potential values of ʟ-car-AgNP1, ʟ-car-AgNP2, ʟ-car-AgNP3, ʟ-car-AgNP4, and ʟ-car-AgNP5 were −40.9 ± 3.42, −39.5 ± 3.43, −40.9 ± 3.94, −38.6 ± 4.58, and −40.9 ± 4.80, respectively. Zeta potentials beyond ±30 mV indicate excellent colloidal stability due to

• approach has facilitated the development of nanoparticles that exhibit controlled size and stability, which is crucial for various applications. ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles, designated as ʟ-car-AgNPs, were extensively characterized using UV–vis absorbance, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, Raman

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• characteristics such as greater absorption capacity, greater bioavailability, controlled release of active ingredients, improved solubility of hydrophobic substances in water, and good kinetic stability [12][13][14]. Metallic nanoparticles have been investigated as a promising approach for vector control. The

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• the ZP values of particles (expressing their electrostatic repulsion) controls the stability of colloidal dispersions according to the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory [39]. For the computational analysis, the TIP3P force field was employed for water, while the DREIDING force field was

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• material for electrochemical sensor applications because of their high loading quantity and surface area, defined structures, and chemical stability [19][20]. Since the first report by Yaghi and his group in 1994 [21], MOFs have attracted great attention. The first publication related to a fluorescent

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• . We discuss the obstacles in the conventional delivery of phytochemicals, the fundamental architecture of PLHNPs, and the types of PLHNPs, highlighting their ability to improve encapsulation efficiency, stability, and controlled release of the encapsulated phytochemicals. In addition, the surface

• diseases. Keywords: bioavailability; phytochemical; polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles; solubility; stability; surface modification; Introduction Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds found in plants (from the Greek word “phyton” meaning plant) [1]. These bioactive compounds are responsible

• and enhances their solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Additionally, the physicochemical characteristics of PLHNPs can be tailored by varying the concentrations of polymers and lipids [16]. PLHNPs can address various challenges associated with phytochemical delivery. The benefits of PLHNPs

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• transitions and the zones of radiation stability for nanoparticles. We utilize nanoparticles exhibiting transitions from the body-centered cubic α phase to the face-centered cubic β phase, and the reverse transition from β phase to α phase, as a model system for first-order phase transformations. We

• materials. Keywords: α-phase; β-phase; chemical rate theory; Fe; nanoparticle; nucleation; phase stability diagram; polymorphic phase transision; radiation stability; thermodynamics; vacancy saturation; Introduction Solid metal or ceramic nanoparticles with a diameter in the range of 1–100 nm, when placed

• transformations (phase-to-phase transitions) [5][6][7][8]. Despite the interest in these materials, the behavior of nanoparticles under irradiation and their peculiarities are not yet completely understood. One of the important issues is the influence of vacancy saturation on phase changes and phase stability. A

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• -graphene are similar, and on increasing the ratio of hexagonal rings in ψ-graphene (i.e., n-hex-ψ-graphene), its total energy was found to be −9.23 eV/atom, which is identical to pristine graphene [16]. Another effective method to enhance the stability of ψ-graphene is edge hydrogenation, which leads to a

• –1.41 Å, as shown in Table 2. Moreover, the ψ-graphene nanosheet remains almost flat, with a buckling height of only 0.004 Å, indicating the stability of the remaining C–C bonds even under the influence of positive strain. Negative strain We next investigated the impact of negative strain on the

• this strain range, ψ-graphone has an indirect bandgap. Furthermore, the buckling height of ψ-graphone increased from initially 1.79 to 1.90 Å at strain levels of −3% and −7%, signifying its lowest mechanical stability at these strain levels. Although the presence of negative strain affects the lengths