Green synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of natural bentonite-supported copper nanoparticles for the solvent-free synthesis of 1-substituted 1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazoles and reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Akbar Rostami-Vartooni,
• Mohammad Alizadeh and
• Mojtaba Bagherzadeh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2300–2309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.236

• and O were observed. The size of the as-prepared Cu NPs/bentonite was further examined by TEM. The histogram of the particle size distribution of Cu nanoparticles on the surface of bentonite is given in Figure 6a–c. The average size of the Cu NPs on bentonite was 56 nm. The particles exhibited

• images of Cu NPs/bentonite (a,b), the histogram of the particle size distribution of Cu nanoparticles on the bentonite surface (c) and corresponding SAED pattern (d). The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm (a) and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore size distribution plot of Cu NPs/bentonite (b). Conversion

Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties

• Uliana Kostiv,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Hana Macková,
• Alexander Zhigunov,
• Hana Engstová,
• Katarína Smolková,
• Petr Ježek and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2290–2299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.235

• energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) were used to determine the morphology, crystal structure and elemental composition of the nanocrystals, respectively. All TEM micrographs, diffractograms and spectra were taken at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV. Particle size distribution was analyzed with the

• particle surface effectively prevented aggregation. The particles had regular spherical shapes with sizes (Dn) in the range of 6–10 nm (Table 1). The particle size increased as the temperature increased up to 350 °C, which is close to the OM boiling point. Particle size distribution was relatively narrow

• approximately 10 nm and the particle size distribution was rather narrow (Table 1 and Table 2). The degree of crystallinity according to XRD (Figure 3b) was approximately 75 wt % (Table 2). A small amorphous halo originated primarily from OM on the nanoparticle surface. In α- and β-phase particles, the presence

Fabrication of hybrid nanocomposite scaffolds by incorporating ligand-free hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into biodegradable polymer scaffolds and release studies

• Balazs Farkas,
• Marina Rodio,
• Ilaria Romano,
• Alberto Diaspro,
• Romuald Intartaglia and
• Szabolcs Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2217–2223, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.227

• spiral with an outer radius of 1 mm. The irradiation time was fixed at 120 min. Particle size distribution was evaluated by TEM. The HA NP/ethanol colloidal solution was added to the PPF:DEF during resin production: The colloidal solution was mixed with DEF, then added to the PPF in 7:3 w/w followed by 1

• –4000 cm−1. TEM image of hydroxyapatite colloidal solution prepared by UV laser ablation of hydroxyapatite target immersed in ethanol solution. b) Size distribution histogram of the colloidal solution revealing the mean size around 17 nm. The particle size distribution is obtained by using the ImageJ

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• crystallographic c-axis/a,b-extension) has become slightly larger due to the presence of chlorine. This can be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations shown in Figure 3c and Figure S4 (Supporting Information File 1). The particle size distribution is polydisperse and almost all particles

Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory

• Marina E. Vance,
• Todd Kuiken,
• Eric P. Vejerano,
• Sean P. McGinnis,
• Michael F. Hochella Jr.,
• David Rejeski and
• Matthew S. Hull

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1769–1780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.181

• that is available to corroborate the manufacturer’s claim that the product contains nanomaterials. If the manufacturer provides supporting information (e.g., a datasheet containing electron micrographs showing the nanomaterials or a particle size distribution), the product is placed in Category 3

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• ) [37]. According to the TEM images, the chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles had a diameter of about 25 nm, which is reasonable compared to similar reported nanoparticles. The TEM results and particle size distribution of the polymer-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Figure 4a–d) indicated an interesting

• percentage of the viability of the control culture [48][54]. (a) TEM image of uncoated Fe3O4 nanoparticles and their (b) corresponding particle size distribution. (c) Hysteresis loop of the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: (1) Fe3O4, (2) TMC/Fe3O4, (3) Au/TMC/Fe3O4, (4) chitosan/Fe3O4 and (5) Au/chitosan

• /Fe3O4. (d) Iron oxide suspensions with (right) and without (left) an external magnetic field. (a) TEM image of Au nanoparticles along with (b) their corresponding particle size distribution. (c) UV–vis absorption spectrum of synthesized Au nanoparticles. (d) Image of a freshly prepared, ruby-red

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• semantics-free stable identifier that is suitable for use in data annotation, as it is resistant to minor changes in the label and improvements in the definition of the class. Examples of annotations that have already been included in the database are: “particle size distribution (granulometry)” annotated

• , modes of action), interactions (cell lines, assays) and a wide variety of measurements. A number of analytic techniques have been proposed and developed to characterise the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including the commonly used dynamic light scattering to measure the particle size

• distribution and zeta potentiometry to estimate the pH-dependent surface charge. Biological identity With the expanding insight into the factors determining toxicity, the list of measurable effects is growing increasingly long. The need for validated in vitro tests has been advocated since 2006 [1]. It is

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• exchange with PVP. Dynamic light scattering also showed a monomodal particle size distribution without agglomerates. The polydispersity index between 0.1 and 0.3 confirmed a good degree of monodispersity. Note that the hydrodynamic radius, dH, as probed by DLS, is slightly larger (10–12 nm) than the radius

• /Au 30:70, d = 7.1 nm; (C) Ag/Au 90:10, d = 11.5 nm, with the particle size distribution shown in the histograms. DCS results of Ag/Au–PVP nanoparticles of three different compositions: Ag/Au 40:60, d = 5.3 nm; Ag/Au 60:40, d = 5.5 nm; Ag/Au 10:90, d = 5.8 nm. UV–vis spectra of PVP-functionalized Ag

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• . Further, we also investigate the cell viability of dermal fibroblasts after incubation with filtered/unfiltered diluted tattoo ink and discuss these results in the context of nanoparticle research. Results and Discussion Tattoo ink particle size distribution Following three repeats of the particle size

• 2895 nm2, which translates to a diameter of 60.7 nm assuming a spherical shape. For this study we have only examined one commercially available tattoo ink. However, the AFM and particle size distribution results are in strong agreement with Høgsberg et al., who carried out a large study of 58 tattoo

• embedded in the dermal collagenous network, which were visible especially at the periphery of a clump of deposited particles. Wherever primary pigment particles could be resolved they were of approximately this diameter, suggesting that the observed ink particle size distribution reflects the range of

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• thermodynamic equilibrium, the intermedia transport of ENMs is governed by physical transport processes of particulate matter. Therefore, a description of the environmental fate and transport of ENMs requires the particle size distribution (PSD) to be accounted for within the modeling framework, as well as the

• distribution (percent) among the various compartments, (d) ENM apportionment throughout the ambient particle size distribution (Figure 8), and (e) the magnitude of intermedia transport rates, as a fraction of the ENM release rates, that allows assessment of the relative significance of various intermedia

• the environmental distribution of ENMs. ITP: intermedia transport processes, PSD: particle size distribution. Examples of MendNano web-based graphical user interface for scenario building showing inputs of soil parameters. Examples of graphical representations of MendNano simulation results depicting

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• instrument in high vacuum without sputtering. Particle size distribution and PDI were measured by DLS with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments GmbH, Herrenberg, Germany). The uncoated ZnO-NPs NM110 belonged to a set of representative manufactured nanomaterials provided and characterized by the

• European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC, Ispra, Italy). Particle size distribution was determined by DLS. Shortly before incubation with PCLS, ZnO-NPs were dispersed following the Nanogenotox dispersion protocol [49]. The quartz particles (Min-U-Sil 5, crystalline silica, α-quartz) with a purity of

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• Discussion Supramolecular DDMC/PTX complex Characterization of the supramolecular DDMC/PTX complex A complex consisting of DDMC and PTX (DDMC/PTX) was obtained by using the antitumor alkaloid PTX as the guest and DDMC as the host. The particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the DDMC/PTX complex were

• complex. From the above, Figure 3b shows the presence of a large hydrophobic bond in the DDMC/PTX complex. Particle size distribution and ζ-potential The particle size distribution and the ζ-potential of the DDMC/PTX complex were measured by dynamic light scattering and particle electrophoretic mobility

• ) DDMC, (2) DDMC/PTX complex (DDMC 9.6 mg/PTX 0.385 mg), (3) DDMC/PTX complex (DDMC 9.6 mg/PTX 0.709 mg), and (4) PTX. (b): Reprinted from [62]. Characteristics of the DDMC–paclitaxel complex. (a) Particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the DDMC–paclitaxel complex determined by dynamic light

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• high electron density appeared in black. Since the agglomeration of HSA molecules during desolvation process is depending on the charge of the molecules, particles increase in diameter with increasing amount of incorporated iron (Figure 4A and B). Determination of particle size distribution by

• morphology of the particles was investigated with a Philips EM 208S electron microscope, at a nominal magnification of 16,000–21,000 and analyzed by using the GATAN software package (Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, USA). Particle size distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis NTA was conducted by using a

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Imaging the intracellular degradation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles

• Anne-Kathrin Barthel,
• Martin Dass,
• Melanie Dröge,
• Jens-Michael Cramer,
• Daniela Baumann,
• Markus Urban,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.201

• convolved with the broad PLLA particle size distribution (see inset in Figure 3) and the unknown cross section through the particle. Accordingly, Poisson statistics will take effect rather than a Gaussian standard deviation. The measurement error scales with N−1/2, where N is the number of events

A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Manfred Kluwig and
• Thomas Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192

• its particle size distribution is optimized for best scattering efficiency according to Mie's theory [2][3]. The most common industrial processing routes are the sulfate process and the chloride process. In the sulfate process, for example, ilmenite ore is dissolved in sulfuric acid, iron and titanium

• recommendation of the European Commission [4], the method gives a conservative estimate of the particle size distribution. Results and Discussion In order to establish the proposed method, especially for the sizing of pigment-grade titanium dioxide, the reproducibility of the method was primarily tested. Each

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• broad size distributions. Due to the differences in the preparation procedures, the three silica particle types exhibit different properties beyond the realizable particle size and particle size distribution, for example, with respect to density and surface porosity [54][56][58][59]. Silica

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• not substantially differ showing a relatively high uniformity in terms of size and spherical shape (Figure 1). The average diameter of the particles was 6–7 nm and their polydispersity (weight- to number-average particle diameter) was 1.3–1.5 indicating a moderately broad particle size distribution

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• particle size distribution of PLAL products is generally very broad [24][32]. Hence laser-fabricated ligand-free nanoparticles are excellent model systems to simulate implant wear processes and correlated toxic effects. Reference nanomaterials are particularly useful when their size and composition are

• reference materials is of paramount importance in reproduction biology, as fertilization is a highly sensitive process where a single cell counts. Influence of laser pulse length on particle size distribution. A) Representative normalized weight frequency of nanoparticle diameter of gold nanoparticles

• obtained from PLAL in deionized water using picosecond (black curve) and nanosecond (red curve) pulses. B) Gold nanoparticles obtained from femtosecond laser ablation showing a bimodal particle size distribution. (Reprinted with permission from [50]. Copyright 2003 AIP Publishing ICC). Size control of

Microstructural and plasmonic modifications in Ag–TiO₂ and Au–TiO₂ nanocomposites through ion beam irradiation

• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra,
• Venkata Girish Kotnur,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi,
• Thomas Strunskus,
• Vladimir Zaporotchenko,
• Dietmar Fink,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Franz Faupel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.154

• ]. The dark and bright contrasts in the TEM image correspond to Ag nanoparticles and TiO2 matrix, respectively. Detailed investigations on the particle size distribution of the Ag nanoparticles embedded in a TiO2 matrix have been performed by 3D-tomography studies [39][40]. Tomography results have

• ). The average diameter of the nanoparticles has not much increased but the particle size distribution has broadened. The diameter of some nanoparticles even exceeds 6 nm, with more nanoparticles (Figure 3c) in the size range from 2 to 6 nm as compared to pristine state (Figure 3a) and those irradiated

• images are shown in Figure 4. The pristine Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite sample exhibits Ag nanoparticles with a bi-modal particle size distribution (Figure 4a and the corresponding particle size distribution) [39][40]. After irradiation with 100 MeV Ag8+ ions at a fluence of about 1 × 1012 ions/cm2, the average

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• replace traditional carbon support, e.g., Vulcan XC-72. The addition of more corrosion-resistant ZrC to XC-72 carbon (1:1) provided a narrower particle size distribution and a better dispersion on the surface and resulted in a higher activity during formic acid oxidation [138]. Nanocomposite-based on Pd

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• and Figure 1B the particle size distribution as measured with DLS. In order to compare this study with previous works using Au and Ag NPs (20 nm) with the same setup [42][44] the stock solutions (1.5 mg Ag/mL) were diluted to 24 and 240 μg Ag/mL, respectively, and concentrated by ultrafiltration to

• Dunnett’s post-hoc test was performed. Values were considered significantly different with p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**). Scanning electron microscopic image (A) of Ag NPs deposited on a silicon wafer. The particle size distribution (B) was measured by dynamic light scattering and showed an average

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• is a method for the determination of particle size distribution and particle agglomerates. It is important to mention that the mean particle diameter (Zaverage) for polymer-nanocomposites turns out to be significantly larger than the corresponding values determined by TEM. More specifically, Zaverage

• is 254 nm (0.123), 470 nm (0.208) and 831 nm (0.271) where values in parenthesis represent polydispersity index (PDI) values. The PDI is an indicator of the broadness of the particle size distribution for P3HT:CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe, respectively. This discrepancy in the size values of nanocomposites

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• of particles with the diameter Di) documents a moderately broad particle size distribution (Table 1). The obtained iron oxide nanoparticle colloids were also investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the nanoparticles calculated from DLS was about 10 times

• from DLS was about 0.17 suggesting that the particle size distribution was not too broad, which is in agreement with the TEM analysis. Particle diameters in Table 1 thus do not show any significant differences between neat and D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3. It can be therefore concluded that the observed

• 200 CX transmission electron microscope (TEM). The size was calculated by using the Atlas program (Tescan, Digital Microscopy Imaging, Brno, Czech Republic). The hydrodynamic diameter Dh (z-average) and polydispersity as a measure of the particle size distribution were determined by dynamic light