A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• can estimate the Z parameter (the reciprocal of the Ohnesorge number (Oh), the ratio of the Reynolds number (Re) to the square root of the Webber number (We)), which predicts stable drop formation [14]: where d is the nozzle diameter and ρ, γ, and η represent the density, surface tension, and

• viscosity of the ink, respectively. We were not able to measure directly the viscosity and surface tension of our ink as formulated. However, we were able to estimate the values of the parameters based on the values provided by Jang et al. for EG/water mixtures [14] and the viscosity of the chitosan polymer

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• the elastic modulus of the polymer coating and the substrate. Haller et al. investigated the morphology of vapor-deposited polymers on liquid substrates (Figure 3) [29]. Depending on surface tension, liquid viscosity, deposition rate and deposition time, either film or particle formation was found

• . Particles tend to form if the surface tension interaction between the liquid and the polymer is energetically unfavorable, promoting aggregation of the polymer. If the interaction is ambiguous, particle formation is observed at low deposition rates and times and with low liquid viscosity. Introduction of

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• -printing process and to determine its jettability as ink. Surface tension, dispersion stability and aggregate size have been measured since the ink printability depends on these main parameters, which have to match the operating parameters of the employed printing system. Based on these considerations, the

• . Additionally, by monitoring the dispersion through the DLS analysis, its time-stability has been confirmed over two weeks. The surface tension has been measured and the obtained value is 26.30 mN/m, which falls into the operating range (20–40 mN/m) of the printhead of the inkjet system. As a result, the

• graphene ink-Si/SiO2 system was very poor inducing a not continuous and not controlled deposition. This is expected since the measured surface energy of the substrate (30.95 mN/m) is comparable with the surface tension of the solution (26.30 mN/m). Hence, an UV–ozone treatment of the substrate was

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• attributed to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the crystalline and amorphous film portions, which caused tension in these films upon heating/cooling. The cross-linked films were fully amorphous, also upon heating, but had more stable hydrophobic properties and showed an increased crack

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• effect and surface tension. Thus, vapor-phase polymerization techniques have emerged for the deposition of conducting polymers that facilitate the fabrication of conformal polymeric structures [21][22]. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the well-known conducting polymers with applications in supercapacitors

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

• Juan V. Escobar,
• Cristina Garza and
• Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

• break during pull-off and results in a small residual water droplet on the surface. In the present study, we choose mercury as the liquid because it presents many advantages. Hg possesses a very high surface tension and negligible evaporation, plus it is relatively easy to attach to a tipless cantilever

• , while the drop deformation will also be considered to be elastic, Fd = −kdδd [10], which is a consequence of the high surface tension of mercury (ca. 486.5 mN/m); kc and kd are the force constants, and δd and δc correspond to the deformation of cantilever and drop, respectively. These relevant distances

• experiments of cylindrical nanofibers dipped in liquids of different γ, where γ is the liquid–vapor surface tension [36]. For contact angles above 50–60°, the spring constants are almost insensible to the contact angle, and although these authors did not explore angles corresponding to hydrophobic surfaces

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• do not decrease the surface tension of the solvent (52 mN/m). They are surface-inactive compounds (Figure S9, Supporting Information File 1). The study of the entrapment of hydrophobic probes is a generally accepted assay for the potential of soft materials to be used as nanocontainers for

• aggregates can be formed. The surface tension of SDS solutions admixed with 2а and 3 are given in Figure 6. The formation of mixed structures of SDS and isoindigo derivative 2a is observed in a lower concentration range compared to single SDS micelles. This is supported by the left-shift in the surface

• tension isotherms of SDS with 2a additives (Figure 6a) and the decrease of the slope, indicating a lower surface activity. This is presumably related to the formation of structures with various aggregation numbers. Measurement of the size of 2а particles in SDS solution showed the presence of particles of

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• walls of the outlet ductule [4][20][26]. Moreover, within the lipoid fraction itself, both the specific constitution and the mixing ratio of the various hydrocarbon molecules might also largely influence their adhesive performance possibly via viscosity and surface tension effects, molecular re

• phase. In combination with the use of the ionic surfactant SDS (which lowers the surface tension even further), this probably explains the low friction values of these emulsions. By contrast, two of the oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions (SG2, OG2) showed increased friction values; this can be ascribed to

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• dislocation loops will tend to annihilate, both under the action of their own line tension and the residual stresses in the indented region. These residual stresses arise due to strong adhesion between the film and the substrate as well as the plastic strain associated with the indentation. The annihilation

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• , focal adhesions of the same cell type grown on microgrooved substrates were more mature along the grooves, hence more tension was most likely created and cells aligned parallel being thus guided by microtopography [15]. In contrast to this work, some other studies claim that focal adhesions and actin

• study the influence of nucleus morphology in vascular cells gene expression and the role of mechanotransduction mechanisms involving gene regulation. Moreover, a study correlating actin-mediated cell tension, with nuclei deformation and genetic expression changes would be of interest, since it was

Biomechanics of selected arborescent and shrubby monocotyledons

• Tom Masselter,
• Tobias Haushahn,
• Samuel Fink and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1602–1619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.154

• roots which support the stem and especially outgoing branches [14][15]. The two orders of magnitude difference between the axial and radial Young’s modulus indicate that the mechanical behaviour under axial tension is dominated by the vascular bundles [16] with a measured mean value of of 2.77 GPa in D

• . marginata. In contrast, the mechanical behaviour under radial tension is dominated by the parenchymatous tissue (Reuss model as described in [16] with a Young’s modulus of 0.003 GPa in D. marginata, (values for the Young’s modulus of parenchyma typically range between 0.001 and 0.003 GPa [17]). This

• (Robinia pseudoacacia) [28]. In palms similar values of longitudinal Young’s moduli are reported in fibre strips of thick-walled caps of vascular bundles tested under axial tension. These values ranged from 0.2 to 1 GPa in Washingtonia robusta [29], depending on the level of lignification. While we did not

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• aqueous PEGylated GNS solution (70 vol %) in order to adjust suitable viscosity and surface tension for inkjet printing (1.92 cP and 40 mN/m, respectively) as reported previously [27][28]. Notably, GNS decorated with PEG-SH become soluble in a variety of solvents, from water to hydrophobic ones, due to

Fracture behaviors of pre-cracked monolayer molybdenum disulfide: A molecular dynamics study

• Qi-lin Xiong,
• Zhen-huan Li and
• Xiao-geng Tian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1411–1420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.132

• including high strength nanocomposites and nanostructures require MoS2 to undergo the mechanical loadings such as tension, a thorough understanding of the mechanical behavior of MoS2 under mechanical loading is essential for its applications in nanocomposites and nanostructures. The mechanical properties of

• conductivity of defect-free SLMoS2 by using classical MDS. Dang et al. [16] used MDS with a reactive empirical bond order potential to study the mechanical deformation and failure of monolayer molybdenum disulfide under uniaxial and multiaxial tension. Zhao et al. [17] investigated the influence of temperature

• on mechanical properties of single-layer MoS2 by adopting MD nanoindentation simulation and found that with the increase of temperature (4.2 K to 500 K), the Young’s moduli, fracture stress and strain of MoS2 decrease and they also studied the tension-induced phase transition of single-layer MoS2 at

Three-gradient regular solution model for simple liquids wetting complex surface topologies

• Sabine Akerboom,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Frans A. M. Leermakers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1377–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.129

• interfacial tension γ according to the Young–Laplace equation [17]: ΔP and γ can be considered constant for a droplet (neglecting small curvature corrections, the deformation due to gravity and the near surface contributions expressed in the disjoining pressure), thus J should also be constant [13]. This

• evaluate the surface tension γ, which is given in units kBT/b2, numerically, as discussed in section S1 of Supporting Information File 1. In Figure 3B we prove that near the critical point (i) the surface tension, (ii) the width of the interface and (iii) Δφ as found by our numerical solution accurately

• tension the (mean field) value is −3/2, it is 1/2 for the width of the interface, while the difference in densities of the two phases vanishes with an exponent −1/2 [40]. Our aim is to present results that are relevant for the water/vapour system. Of course a symmetric lattice model falls short in this

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• spindle-like beads on the electrospun nanofibers depends mainly on the viscosity and surface tension of the spinning solution, spinning voltage and receving distance [24][25]. Viewed as a whole, these beaded nanofibers are closely entangled with each other and develop a robust multilayer network, which

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

• ) during the upstroke by taking up wing movements and oscillating in length, while the attached pleuro-subalar muscle contracts slowly and tonically and keeps the tendon at a certain length and tension [5][80][81]. This is especially important for hovering and other refined flight manoeuvres [9]. It might

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• wrapping the filler with polymers. The wrapping process involves π–π interactions and van der Waals interactions [2][40]. Surfactants have also been used to functionalize MLG and CNTs. Surfactants are physically adsorbed on the surface of CNTs. It lowers the surface tension of MLG and CNTs diminishing the

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• were studied and characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The study showed that these domains have similar characteristics to micro- and nanobubbles, such as a spherical shape, smaller contact angle, low line tension, and they exhibit phase contrast and the coalescence phenomenon. However

• films. This study employs AFM and optical microscopy to characterize the spherical-shaped domains that readily nucleate on the PS film after immersion in DI water. The radius, height, contact angle (CA) and line tension are analyzed in detail. The coalescence, stiffness and phase contrast analysis were

• given in Figure 3a. Figure 3a shows that the contact angle changes linearly with respect to radius/lateral size up to 2.0 µm. Beyond this size, the contact angle changes in such a way that an exact correlation becomes difficult. Analysis of line tension The line tension is defined as the excess energy

Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb₂S₃ nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Alexander I. Livshits,
• Juris Prikulis,
• Subhajit Biswas,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

• mechanical loading where one side of the NW is being under compression while the other is under tension, which agrees well with the consistent results between the methods. Conclusion We have experimentally obtained Young’s modulus of individual Sb2S3 NWs combining two different techniques, namely mechanical

Influence of calcium on ceramide-1-phosphate monolayers

• Joana S. L. Oliveira,
• Gerald Brezesinski,
• Alexandra Hill and
• Arne Gericke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 236–245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.22

• barrier and a Wilhelmy surface tension sensor. The temperature was kept at 20 °C by a thermostat. During experiments, the trough was kept hermetically sealed and flushed with He. At BW1 (DESY, Hamburg) the synchrotron beam was monochromated through a beryllium(002) crystal to a wavelength of 1.304 Å

Plasticity-mediated collapse and recrystallization in hollow copper nanowires: a molecular dynamics simulation

• Amlan Dutta,
• Arup Kumar Raychaudhuri and
• Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 228–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.21

• disordered atoms is much higher as compared to their crystalline counterparts since they access a relatively larger free volume. This causes a radially inward drift of the inner surface driven by surface tension. This inward drift results into large local stresses on the residual crystalline parts of the

• subsequent elimination of stacking faults within the interior of the NW, after the inner surface is eliminated at the end of stage 1. We note that the nucleation of faults and defects is energetically less expensive in the presence of a surface, and that of an effective load generated by the surface tension

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• synthesiser. This solution was then pumped into the reactor during synthesis at a rate of 35 μL·min−1 giving an addition rate of 16.2 mg·min−1 for SDS and 1.74 mg·min−1 for CTAB. The addition rate was crucial to maintain a surface tension of 41 mJ·m−2, which is both the optimum surface tension for graphene

• automation would require the monitoring of surface tension throughout the synthesis as well as automatic adjustments to the surfactant flow rate to maintain this at the required level of 41 mJ·m−2. Figure 1 depicts the assembled apparatus, the function of which is explained here. The aqueous suspension of

• adding surface tension sensors to control the amount of surfactant being added to the reactor, thus maintaining a constant and optimum surface tension. The formation of individual graphene flakes and the interaction of alkyl chains of the surfactants with graphene were, respectively, confirmed with Raman

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

Single-molecule mechanics of protein-labelled DNA handles

• Vivek S. Jadhav,
• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Florian Wruck and
• Martin Hegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 138–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.16

• featured the characteristic double-handle contour length of 680 nm at a tension of approx. 10 pN. Fluorescence measurements of Qdot–streptavidin conjugates that were attached to freely accessible DIG -λ-dsDNA-Bio strands. a) The blue circle highlights the fluorescent emission of a quantum dot at 525 nm

Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• (panel a) and the photographic (panel b) image of the complete AFM system. The beam deflection and scanner units are mounted together on top of the coarse positioner and represent the heart of the microscope. The system is attached to a CF200 flange and is suspended on four tension springs. Strong

• piezo actuators. The stages are compressed by three flexures. The piezo step motor in the aperture of the scanner allows to approach the sample to the probe with nanoscale accuracy. The atomic force microscope is assembled on a CF200 flange with four tension springs. Copper fins and magnets serve as an