High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor–acceptor dyads

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Pierre-Olivier Schwartz,
• Laure Biniek,
• Martin Brinkmann,
• Nicolas Leclerc,
• Elena Zaborova and
• Stéphane Méry

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.71

• ). It is also clear that the standing lamellae coexist with other domains (highlighted in Figure 4a–c) giving rise to a strong contrast in the dissipation images, as shown by Figure 4c. In these parts of the surface, the supramolecular packing cannot be directly resolved from the nc-AFM data. In turn

• additional features not apparent in the other channels. These features correspond essentially to individual or a few A–D lamellae with strong potentiometric contrasts, mostly in the form of brighter stripes in the CPD images. The absence of equivalent features in topography and dissipation images (Figure S2

Thermo-voltage measurements of atomic contacts at low temperature

• Ayelet Ofarim,
• Bastian Kopp,
• Thomas Möller,
• León Martin,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 767–775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.68

• temperature gradients into electrical energy and for the local energy dissipation. More fundamentally, the study of thermoelectric effects in atomic-scale nanostructures and in molecular junctions gives important additional information of charge transport [2][3][4]. The thermopower is quantified by the

Coupled molecular and cantilever dynamics model for frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Michael Klocke and
• Dietrich E. Wolf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 708–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.63

• . It is shown how this may lead to a systematic shift between the periodic patterns obtained from the frequency and from the damping signal, respectively. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM); energy dissipation; Introduction The physical background

• of the dissipation signal in frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) was unclear for a long time, and different effects had been discussed, before it was shown that the main contribution comes from adhesion hysteresis [1][2][3]. However, agreement between theoretical predictions and

• experimental dissipation rates has remained a challenge [4] in many cases. The detailed reaction path for a given system can be quite complicated, involving different types of hysteresis [5] and additional effects such as lateral tip displacements [6][7]. Computer simulations have been indispensable to

Correlative infrared nanospectroscopic and nanomechanical imaging of block copolymer microdomains

• Benjamin Pollard and
• Markus B. Raschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 605–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.53

• correlative analysis of chemical composition, spectral IR line shape, modulus, adhesion, deformation, and dissipation acquired for a thin film of a nanophase separated block copolymer (PS-b-PMMA) reveal complex structural variations, in particular at domain interfaces, not resolved in any individual signal

• important complimentary information on heterogeneous material systems [9]. By measuring the force on a scanning probe tip as it interacts with the sample, material properties including friction, adhesion, deformation, modulus, and dissipation can be quantified and mapped over nanoscale distances [10][11][12

• dissipation of the tip–sample interaction, simultaneously [12][13]. Corresponding quantitative values can be extracted from calibrated force–distance curves at every pixel to build up a multidimensional force–distance image. In this work we acquire force–distance curves, as shown in Figure 1a, using a

Nanoscale effects in the characterization of viscoelastic materials with atomic force microscopy: coupling of a quasi-three-dimensional standard linear solid model with in-plane surface interactions

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 554–571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.49

• properties under assumed ideal conditions. For example, consider a 50 nm thick film with = k1 / T0 = 0.075 N/m·nm2 as used recently in [22]. In this case, k1 = = 0.075 N/m·nm2 × 50 nm = 3.75 GPa, which is in the expected range for a typical polymer film investigated with AFM [10]. For the dissipation

• also worth emphasizing the counterintuitive observation that in Figure 8a the force curves corresponding to a larger 2D surface elastic modulus (which Figure 8f indicates lead to shallower indentations) exhibit the largest amount of dissipation (they have hysteresis loops of larger area [14]). This is

• significant implications for the interpretation of experiments, for which it is customary to assume that larger amounts of dissipation are expected for samples that are “more viscous” and/or “less elastic”. However, the above simulations suggest that the correlation between dissipation and bulk properties can

Charge and heat transport in soft nanosystems in the presence of time-dependent perturbations

• Alberto Nocera,
• Carmine Antonio Perroni,
• Vincenzo Marigliano Ramaglia and
• Vittorio Cataudella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 439–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.39

• on heat transport and dissipation. Moreover, the effect of time perturbations not only on the charge dynamics but also on the energy transport is becoming a new field of study where both electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom are involved [30][31][32][33][34][35]. It has been shown that

• the fluctuation–dissipation relation at the equilibrium, and they include the semiclassical corrections fundamental to treat the out-of-equilibrium regime. Of course, the Ehrenfest dynamics can be combined in a simpler way with ab initio calculations [75] of the electronic and/or vibrational systems

• using the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. Clearly, out of equilibrium (finite bias and/or time perturbations) not only the imaginary part of the retarded Green’s function is important, but, as discussed in the previous section, also other Green’s functions are relevant. In this review, we will analyze

Rigid multipodal platforms for metal surfaces

• Michal Valášek,
• Marcin Lindner and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 374–405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.34

• gold surfaces as compared with the corresponding monopodal anchor groups. However, the electron-transfer and charge-dissipation characteristics of the tripodal thiolated molecules and monopodal thiolated species are generally similar, which proved that the redox-active termini are electronically well

Molecular machines operating on the nanoscale: from classical to quantum

• Igor Goychuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 328–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.31

• machines, are reviewed. Special attention is paid to the dual, constructive role of dissipation and thermal fluctuations, the fluctuation–dissipation theorem, heat losses and free energy transduction, thermodynamic efficiency, and thermodynamic efficiency at maximum power. Several basic models are

• the fluctuation–dissipation theorem (FDT) on the nano- and microscale. It is generally wrong. It is valid only for some particular dynamics, as clarified below by giving three counter-examples. The presence of strong thermal fluctuations at ambient temperature, playing a constructive and useful role

• . Review Fluctuation–dissipation theorem, the role of thermal fluctuations Motion in any dissipative environment is necessarily related to the dissipation of energy. Particles experience a frictional force, which in the simplest case of Stokes friction is linearly proportional to the particle velocity with

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• strain dependent voltage source Vp in series with a capacitor Cp as shown in Figure 2c. While the capacitor sufficiently represents the dielectric properties of the piezoelectric material, this simplified model does not take into account dielectric losses or heat dissipation which can be modeled by

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• has received much less attention [30][31][32] due to the lack of direct monitoring of the assembly process in situ. In this work, we followed the formation of an adlayer of AgNCs on silicon oxide surfaces by means of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring as a function of time and

• surfaces was monitored in situ by means of a quartz crystal microbalance as the nanocubes approach the substrate and adsorb on the surface. In this experiment, the change in frequency, ΔF, related to the adsorbed mass, and the change of the dissipation factor, ΔD, related to the viscoelastic properties of

• . This procedure was repeated until no further changes were recorded, indicating that surface saturation was reached. Typical results for the change in normalized frequency and dissipation factor for the third harmonic obtained for a single addition are reported in Figure 2. The plot shows how both Δf3/3

Evidence for non-conservative current-induced forces in the breaking of Au and Pt atomic chains

• Carlos Sabater,
• Carlos Untiedt and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2338–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.241

• ensemble of breaking events can be described by thermal activation over a distribution of barrier heights. Dissipation raises the effective temperature above the bath temperature T according to [19], with being TV determined by the applied bias voltage as [20], where γ = 60 K·V−1/2·nm−1/2 and L is the

A simple and efficient quasi 3-dimensional viscoelastic model and software for simulation of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2233–2241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.229

• quantification of tip–sample dissipation in atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been an ongoing subject of interest since the early days of the technique [1][2]. A significant percentage of the surfaces characterized with AFM exhibit rate-dependent deformation processes that result in dissipative tip–sample

• ], providing a modulus of elasticity and ‘dissipation’ parameters, which can be practical and efficient in a variety of situations. Nevertheless, further developments still remain in terms of model improvements that consider the most fundamental behaviors of viscoelastic bodies. Specifically, the above

Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1927–1934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.195

• differences. A more detailed topography image of such an island is presented in Figure 5a with the corresponding dissipation image (Figure 5b). Using the dissipation image, the identification of the areas with and without molecules is facilitated due to two different contrasts (bright or dark). This

• is obtained by the dissipation image where single molecular rows are visible. A columnar organization of the rows with a length of 20–50 nm, and spaced by roughly 3 nm, compose the islands. This is in good agreement with the molecular size of 2.8 nm (Figure 5d,e) in a tilted position. Inside one

• molecular island and also for different islands, several line orientations can be observed (not shown here). Despite different tries and the intra islands resolution in the dissipation image, we were not able to achieve similar resolution in the topography images to know the exact commensurability between

Improved atomic force microscopy cantilever performance by partial reflective coating

• Zeno Schumacher,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Laure Aeschimann and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1450–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.150

• the cantilever thickness. The logarithmic decrement is δ = π/Q. The c stands for the composite system, f for the film and s for the substrate. This assumes no clamping losses and a substrate operating at the fundamental thermoelastic limit of dissipation [8]. We calculate the Q-factor dependence on

Optimization of phase contrast in bimodal amplitude modulation AFM

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli,
• Amir F. Payam and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.108

• map compositional variations under the influence of conservative forces is a main advantage with respect to AFM phase imaging (tapping mode AFM), where the phase contrast is related to variations in energy dissipation [33]. In AM-AFM there are two interacting regimes, attractive and repulsive [2]. The

• function of the amplitude ratio, the amplitude values of the second mode and the kinetic energy ratios of the excited modes. We also study the phase contrast between different materials by including energy dissipation in the tip–sample interaction, by inverting the roles of the excited modes (indirect

• ., tapping mode AFM. For this simulation the best contrast is yielded for an amplitude ratio of 250. This value is significantly larger than the values previously recommended (10–50) which were based on experiments [43][44][45]. Phase contrast in the attractive regime (dissipation): A01 > A02 To study the

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• surrounding resist. It exhibits the characteristic centered peak, indicating the place where the incident electron beam interacted with resist. One explanation for this reduced height effect is the gradual dissipation of primary electrons that penetrate the resist. The single spot with Gaussian shape matching

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• level on the other. The CM model ignores viscous dissipation. In consequence, the energy dissipated in reciprocating sliding scales as the cube of the oscillation amplitude in the low-amplitude limit. Following from this scaling law, the damping of a resonator, which experiences particle slip in one way

• related to the dissipation factor, D, by D = Γ/(2f). fF is the fundamental frequency, which is often 5 MHz. Zq = 8.8 × 106 kg∙m−2s−1 is the shear wave impedance of AT-cut quartz. is the area-averaged complex amplitude of the tangential stress at the resonator surface, and u0 is the amplitude of

• acounts for viscous dissipation, where ξ is the drag coefficient. ξ quantifies linear processes in the sense that the stress is proportional to the rate of displacement. No statement is made on the mechanism(s) leading to dissipation. The drag coefficient may be linked to the viscoelastic nature of the

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• of stick–slip behaviour at normal loads of less than 15 nN. In spite of non-stick–slip resolution the contact between tip and surface is preserved and energy dissipation is still observed. A transition to superlubricity would involve disappearing friction [35][36]. Since this is not the case here one

• investigated. Friction is minimal at the potential of zero charge, suggesting again the role of adsorbates for frictional energy dissipation. On the other hand, friction is particularly large when the adlayer is disordered at the potential of a phase transition, as shown here for the formation of the √3 × √3

Capillary and van der Waals interactions on CaF₂ crystals from amplitude modulation AFM force reconstruction profiles under ambient conditions

• Annalisa Calò,
• Oriol Vidal Robles,
• Sergio Santos and
• Albert Verdaguer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 809–819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.84

• contributions to the net energy dissipation by their physical origin and/or distance-dependence [34] has been the object of recent efforts in the direction of performing quantitative measurements with the AFM [35][36]. For example, Gadelrab and coauthors showed that the difference in the phase signal compared

• approach when relative humidity is allowed to spontaneously reach the ambient value of about 40% and homogeneous micrometer-sized water patches stabilize on top of the crystals surface. The dissipation induced by the capillary bridge formation is unambiguously identified in experimental Ediss and ΔΦ curves

• relative to the drive force, and Q is the quality factor due to dissipation with the medium. The experimental APD curves cover the approach and the retract part during one cycle, with a drift smaller than 0.5 nm (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Only approach curves for which the cantilever

Electroburning of few-layer graphene flakes, epitaxial graphene, and turbostratic graphene discs in air and under vacuum

• Andrea Candini,
• Nils Richter,
• Domenica Convertino,
• Camilla Coletti,
• Franck Balestro,
• Wolfgang Wernsdorfer,
• Mathias Kläui and
• Marco Affronte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 711–719, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.72

• the area around the graphene–metal contact gets heavily damaged due to high power dissipation at these spots. b) EB cycle for a patterned TG disc (see text) showing the transition from low-ohmic (≈200 Ω) to high-ohmic (≈20 kΩ) behavior, which indicates the opening of a gap. c) Corresponding SEM image

Entropy effects in the collective dynamic behavior of alkyl monolayers tethered to Si(111)

• Christian Godet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 583–594, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.60

• and the applied voltage using rectifying Hg/C12H25/n-type Si junctions. Partial substitution of methyl end groups by polar (carboxylic acid) moieties was used to enhance the chain end relaxation response. Two thermally activated dissipation mechanisms (B1 and B2, with fB1 < fB2) are evidenced for all

• dependence of the B2 dipolar strength. For both dissipation mechanisms, the observed linear correlation between activation energy and logarithm of pre-exponential factor is consistent with a multi-excitation entropy model, in which the molecular reorientation path is strongly coupled with a large number of

• dissipation mechanisms is the behavior of tethered OML under compressive and shear forces, as found in nano-tribology experiments, where external forces can cause conformational changes. Again, a disorder gradient results from the formation of gauche defects which can be reverted when the atomic force

A scanning probe microscope for magnetoresistive cantilevers utilizing a nested scanner design for large-area scans

• Tobias Meier,
• Alexander Förste,
• Ali Tavassolizadeh,
• Karsten Rott,
• Dirk Meyners,
• Roland Gröger,
• Günter Reiss,
• Eckhard Quandt,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 451–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.46

• , atomic step edges of 2.54 Å height are resolved. For dynamic-mode experiments, the phase-shift signal is of high interest as it provides information about energy dissipation between tip and sample [60][61] and visualizes chemical contrasts [62]. To demonstrate this kind of measurement also with our TMR

• topography contrast in ambient conditions is most likely caused by the thin water films present on hydrophilic SiOx under ambient conditions [65]. This effect obscures the height difference between the FDTS and SiOx. However, as shown in Figure 7a, the difference of the energy dissipation between the two

• sample system, dissipative tip–sample forces are dominant. Therefore, a high phase-signal contrast can be observed and reveals the different materials of the sample due to different energy dissipation between tip and sample while the amplitude-signal feedback reveals no topographic features. b) On such

Influence of spurious resonances on the interaction force in dynamic AFM

• Luca Costa and
• Mario S. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 420–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.42

• and the dissipation are shown in Figure 2e and Figure 2f. In both cases it is possible to observe the same results in terms of force gradient and dissipation, the main difference between the two excitation methods being only the calibration parameters a and , which were in the case of electrostatic

• (Figure 4a), whereas the dissipation remains constant and approximately equal to zero. The force was used to obtain all unknown constants. Interestingly, the values of r and that result from the calibration are those that would be expected if the spurious peaks were not present. Notice in Figure 4d that

• excited (blue) and mechanically excited (red) in liquid; (c and d) normalized excitation and phase, respectively; e) force gradient and f) dissipation measured at the mica/deionized water interface with electrostatic excitation of the tip (blue) and conventional piezoelectric excitation (red). Equation 14

A surface acoustic wave-driven micropump for particle uptake investigation under physiological flow conditions in very small volumes

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Dominik Breyer,
• Phillip Link,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Matthias F. Schneider and
• Achim Wixforth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 414–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.41

• generator is no solution to that problem since dissipation would heat the sample. However, as we will show, the application of focusing interdigital transducers (FIDTs) in an L-shape configuration allows for shear rates of up to 4000 s−1 without significant sample heating. Results and Discussion

• significant heating due to dissipation at the applied input power of PSAW ≈ 19 dBm. Characterization of the flow pattern The characterization of the SAW-induced velocity field is done by particle image velocimetry (PIV). For improving the resolution while being able to capture the whole chamber the method is

Dynamic force microscopy simulator (dForce): A tool for planning and understanding tapping and bimodal AFM experiments

• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Pablo D. Garcia and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 369–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.36

• ]. They explained the origin of the phase contrast observed on heterogeneous samples by tapping mode AFM in air [3] and liquid [4][5]. In the process, simulations validated the theory of AFM phase imaging in air [6][7], its use to identify energy dissipation processes [7] or to measure the energy