Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• patterned Au substrates prior to lift-off (e.g., selective wet etching), or by patterning alkanethiols on Au substrates to be reactive in selected regions but not others (controlled reactivity). In all cases, the regions containing Au–alkanethiolate layers have a sub-nanometer apparent height, which was

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• highly exothermic, driven principally by the innate reactivity of AH, coupled with the comparatively low formation enthalpy (∆Hf) of PtCl2. In addition to purification, exposure of the PtCl2 deposits to AH also frequently resulted in significant structural modifications to the deposits. In some instances

• have limited diffusion within the deposit. Indeed, given the inherent reactivity of AO and the potential for AO recombination reactions (O + O → O2) we would expect AO to have a small penetration depth within the deposit. This is at least qualitatively consistent with our experimentally determined

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.8.216 Abstract Titania-supported palladium, gold and bimetallic nanoparticles (second-generation nanoparticles) demonstrate promising photocatalytic properties. However, due to unusual reactivity, second-generation nanoparticles can be

• inhibiting activity [5][6]. Reactivity of TiO2 under visible light (λ > 400 nm) can be achieved in several ways [7], including: (a) metal doping [8], (b) non-metal doping [9][10], (c) self-doping (reductive treatments) [11][12], (d) surface modification by noble-metal nanoparticles of silver (Ag), gold (Au

• different cell lines demonstrating that smaller NPs (1.4 nm) were more cytotoxic than bigger NPs. Previous studies also reported that a larger surface area (as a potential source of a larger number of ions or other reactive species) can contribute significantly to the higher reactivity [51][52]. The nano

Electronic structure, transport, and collective effects in molecular layered systems

• Torsten Hahn,
• Tim Ludwig,
• Carsten Timm and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2094–2105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.209

• assume β-stacking [25]. The selected Au surface is known to form metal–organic contacts with medium interactions [26]. On the other hand, pure Ni surfaces are known to have a very high reactivity that sometimes lead to decomposition of the deposited organic material [27][28]. The reactivity of the Ni

Synthesis and characterization of noble metal–titania core–shell nanostructures with tunable shell thickness

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Dariusz Zasada and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2083–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.208

• core and the photoactivity of the shell, have great potential for these applications. However, the controllable synthesis of such nanostructures remains a challenge due to the high reactivity of titania precursors. Hence, a simple titania coating method that would allow better control over the shell

α-Silicene as oxidation-resistant ultra-thin coating material

• Ali Kandemir,
• Fadil Iyikanat,
• Cihan Bacaksiz and
• Hasan Sahin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1808–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.182

• silicene on metal substrates. One may claim that silicene retains its extreme reactivity to oxygen atoms even after forming localized silicon-oxide structures. As a result, silicene has great potential to capture unwanted atoms and to protect the metal surface. Conclusions In this study, we performed first

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• be formed from porphyrin molecules with different numbers of bromine substitutions. The properties of the substrate surface have a strong influence in this kind of on-surface polymerization reaction. A high reactivity and also high energy barriers for diffusion can result in immediate C,C coupling

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• DWCNTs with different fluorination patterns, which should in turn be distinct in electronic properties and reactivity. Similar results are expected for other closed-shell carbon structures such as single- and multi-walled CNTs, nanohorns and onion-like carbon. Experimental Materials DWCNTs were produced

Process-specific mechanisms of vertically oriented graphene growth in plasmas

• Subrata Ghosh,
• Shyamal R. Polaki,
• Niranjan Kumar,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Mohamed Kamruddin and
• Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1658–1670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.166

• high and the species may recombine. Under such conditions, radical species responsible for VGN growth may recombine and/or lose reactivity. Therefore, in low-density plasmas the carbon species can deposit into the spaces between the vertical graphene sheets. However, at shorter distances the density of

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• , or to be more precise, SCRPs, allow for magnetic-field-dependent chemistry. The radical pair mechanism (RPM) is seen as the key mechanism for magnetic field effects on chemical reactivity. One should note that RPM is not the only mechanism, since, for example, the d-type triplet mechanism and triplet

• a different pathway. Because of this, the radical pair reactivity strongly depends on the rate of singlet–triplet interconversion. The strongest effects of such interconversion on the recombination yield are expected in the situation where the radical pair is born in a nonreactive state. Thus

• by the following quantity: or, when the reactivity is position-dependent, by the integral over spatial coordinates: To calculate the steady-state reaction yield, one should perform integration over time from 0 to ∞. The reaction yield, Y, is obtained by integration of R(t) from zero to infinity

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• ) and 8 (J = +20.8 cm−1; H = −2JS1S2). The reactivity of complexes 6–8 is reminiscent of that of pure thiolato ligands, which readily chemisorb on Au surfaces as verified by contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. The large [Ni2L] tail groups, however

• ). The crystal structure, reactivity features, and magnetic properties of compounds 6–8 are presented along with the results stemming from characterization of the surface assemblies by contact angle measurements, spectroscopic ellipsometry, AFM and transport measurements. To our knowledge, polynuclear

• the [Ni2L]2+ fragments. The reactivity of complexes 6–8 is reminiscent of that of pure thiolato ligands. All are readily chemisorbed on Au surfaces as ascertained by contact angle measurements, AFM, spectroscopic ellipsometry and preliminary transport measurements (for 2). The results may suggest that

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• flat substrates or 3D complex substrates. Next, the creation of multiple or gradient structures/patterns on the polymers provides an interfacial template with multifunctional reactivity and gradient information for multifunctional or directional activities. Then, the emerging discovery of the selective

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• . In all the samples, three main transition regions were observed, which are the result of the heterogeneous composition of the polymer formed in the batch polymerization of monomers with different reactivity ratios (rMMA = 2.02 ± 0.36, rBA = 0.26 ± 0.14) [42] that yield a MMA-rich polymer (Tg = 90 ºC

• between the OH groups of the copolymer and the PVP-stabilized MWCNTs and as well to the possible grafting of polymer chains onto MWCNTs. Because monomers with different reactivity ratios were polymerized in batch, a heterogeneous copolymer showing different Tg values was obtained. The in situ composites

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• of polymer growth was found on transition metals. For this reason, attractive interactions between the metal and the heteroatoms were suggested. The patterned deposition of a reactive PPX derivative could be realized for PPX–vinyl on titanium, and its reactivity in cross-metathesis reactions was

• reactivity program and from the Army Research Office (ARO) under Grant W911NF-11-1-0251.

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• reactivity with the environment [1]. For most applications, wall permeability is desirable in order to facilitate material interchange with the surroundings and/or increase the active surface of these nano-objects. Thus, permeable-wall nanocontainers can be used for a variety of appealing applications, such

• reactivity). However, these wet-chemistry based techniques have several drawbacks, for example, restrictions in the employed precursors due to compatibility issues and significant limitations for implementing configurations of nanostructures on flat supports according to a particular pattern or layout, which

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• energy of 0.014 eV. Keywords: functionalized graphene; graphene oxide; one-pot synthesis; phosphonic derivatives; reduced graphene oxide; Introduction Graphene oxide (GO) with its multifunctionality attracts interest in different fields of science. The chemical nature and reactivity of GO have been

Stable Au–C bonds to the substrate for fullerene-based nanostructures

• Taras Chutora,
• Jesús Redondo,
• Bruno de la Torre,
• Martin Švec,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1073–1079, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.109

• assembled into one-dimensional islands or short chains along the steps. This can be attributed to the increased local reactivity of the step edges [29][30][31]. STM images taken after Ar+ bombardment (120 eV, 5 min) [32][33][34] of the system (Figure 1b) show single bright dots on the surface, which

• Figure 2d we observe the adsorption pattern of isolated molecules that were disjoined from the islands after sputtering. Importantly, these molecules bind to the elbow sites of the herringbone reconstruction of the substrate. This can be explained by the increased reactivity of the elbow sites, so-called

• features to be dimers of molecules damaged during the sputtering. The number of observed dimers was very limited. We turn to the features on the herringbone corners. Given the higher reactivity of these elbow sites, we consider the possibility of the bright spots being normal C60 molecules and for the

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• -metal work function (WF) and increasing metal reactivity. A clear trend can be observed correlating the high measured Rc values with the most reactive metals (Ni, Ti). Reprinted with permission from [52], copyright 2015 AIP Publishing. Schematic of the edge-contact fabrication process. Reprinted with

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• developers [31]. The potential effect (W) is a score assigned on the basis of the ENMs’ reactivity (e.g., redox activity, catalytic activity, oxygen radical formation potential or induction potential for inflammation reactions) and stability (e.g., half-life of the nanomaterial in the human body, or under

• ENM properties such as agglomeration, reactivity/charge, critical functional groups, contaminant dissociation and size; evidence of toxicity; and other factors related to toxicity such as bioavailability and bioaccumulation). This outranking method has the advantage, when criteria metrics are not

• scale 1–100 based on literature review for the studied ENMs); agglomeration, reactivity/charge, critical functional groups and contaminant dissociation (qualitative scale of 1–5, where scores are assigned based on expert judgement with 1 representing the most favorable score as judged based on the

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• and height much smaller than the wavelength of typical plasmon resonances. Different top-down or bottom-up fabrication techniques have been introduced to produce metal nanostructures with active plasmonic reactivity [14]. For example, ion beam sputtering (IBS) is a widely employed bottom-up technique

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• floating-catalyst CVD process with a use of ferrocene as catalyst precursor and a small amount of ammonia. Over 90% of SWCNTs had near-armchair structure. It was suggested that NH3, which is a strong etchant, selectively etched off SWCNTs with small chiral angles due to their higher reactivity and lower

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• reactivity but is less toxic. Moreover, the current IL, [BmimSO3H][PTS], has a significant advantage in terms of its thermal behavior because it does not crystallize. In contrast to the propane sultone analogue, which slowly crystallizes after 12 months [25], the longer alkyl chain of [BmimSO3H][PTS

Investigation of the photocatalytic efficiency of tantalum alkoxy carboxylate-derived Ta₂O₅ nanoparticles in rhodamine B removal

• Subia Ambreen,
• Mohammad Danish,
• Narendra D. Pandey and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 604–613, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.65

• or by –OR groups. Among others, carboxylates are diketonates are employed to control the reactivity and stability towards hydrolysis of tantalum alkoxides [12][13][14]. Usually, the rate of hydrolysis of metal alkoxides is controlled by increasing the steric hindrance of alkoxy groups, which slows

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• studying the structure and surface morphology evolution of the GNS sample in the H2O2 solution, Wen et al. [95] revealed that the accelerated formation of nanoporous structure was mostly due to the higher chemical reactivity of the GNS Ti, which promoted the decomposition of H2O2 and the formation of

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• solution at high temperature in microwave. The data obtained are reported in Table 1. From the data reported in Table 1 it is evident the higher reactivity of ox-MWCNTs 4 (entries 3, 5 and 7) respect to GPs 5 (entries 4, 6 and 8) as it was expected considering the different nature of the two substrates [34

• due to a poor content in the azido component (see data for compounds 11 and 12) but to the low reactivity found in the CuAAC step. To be noted is the good agreement for the loading values obtained with the elemental analysis (see earlier) and with the ICP AES analysis for compound 8 and 9 (Table 1