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Search for "skin" in Full Text gives 182 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11
- in tissue with low exchanges rates (such as bones and skin). Organ distribution of 65Zn-labeled Qdots and a trace 65Zn dose 4 weeks after intravenous injection was found to be similar for most of the organs and tissue, with the exception of the liver and spleen. This indicates that radioactivity in
Materials and characterization techniques for high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 68–83, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.8
- the interatomic Pt–Pt distance [43]. Other researchers have suggested that the alloy layer beneath the platinum skin increases the d-band vacancy of the platinum itself improving, therefore, the oxygen reduction reaction [20]. A great deal of research on this subject was carried out from 1970’s until
- “skin” on the electrode surface. This PTFE-rich layer affects not only the surface conductivity but also the wettability of the catalyst layer. The high PTFE content created a hydrophobic electrode surface, which slowed down the phosphoric acid uptake during the start-up period of the MEA. Mack et al
Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252
- , friction drag (or skin friction) and pressure drag (or form drag), which both depend on shape and fluid parameters but in quite different ways [4]. Friction drag is caused by friction of the water flowing over the surface of the animal body. It varies directly with the viscosity of the fluid [4] and the
Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245
- sensitive imaging and detection methods are required. Here, we present our studies on nanoparticle interactions with skin, skin cells, and biological media. Silica, titanium dioxide and silver particles were chosen as representative examples for different types of skin exposure to nanomaterials, e.g
- ., unintended environmental exposure (silica) versus intended exposure through application of sunscreen (titanium dioxide) or antiseptics (silver). Because each particle type exhibits specific physicochemical properties, we were able to apply different combinations of methods to examine skin penetration and
- cellular uptake, including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, X-ray microscopy on cells and tissue sections, flow cytometry of isolated skin cells as well as Raman microscopy on whole tissue blocks. In order to assess the biological relevance of such findings, cell viability and free radical
Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240
- , which has been exploited in the preparation of anti-aging cosmetics and sunscreen creams to protect skin against free radicals formed by the body or by UV sunlight [10]. The goal of this work is to achieve antioxidant and antibacterial bionanomaterials based on liposomes and carbon nanotubes, which
Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239
- .5.239 Abstract Background: Anthropogenic nanoparticles (NPs) have found their way into many goods of everyday life. Inhalation, ingestion and skin contact are potential routes for NPs to enter the body. In particular the digestive tract with its huge absorptive surface area provides a prime gateway for
- production, manufacturing and combustion processes. This inevitably raises the question what happens if these NPs get in touch with the human body, be it by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Consequences of anthropogenic particles in dusts and exhaust gases caused by industry and road traffic to humans
Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238
- efficacy and cell killing rate, as determined through a Michaelis–Menten-type equation, which may promote an allosteric supramolecular reaction to tubulin, in the same manner as an enzymatic reaction. The DDMC/PTX complex showed significantly higher anticancer activity compared to PTX alone in mouse skin
Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214
- nanomaterials have been used in numerous devices and products, such as silver sulfadiazine in the treatment of burns to reduce skin infections. Furthermore, silver has been used to coat a variety of different surfaces, such as catheters [4][5][6][7], or it has been incorporated into a hydrogel network for wound
Effects of surface functionalization on the adsorption of human serum albumin onto nanoparticles – a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2036–2047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.212
- biomatter are still not fully understood [3][4][5]. Specifically, further detailed mechanistic knowledge at the molecular level is required. Due to their small size of 1–100 nm, NPs may spontaneously enter the human body through the lung, gut or skin [6][7][8][9][10]. Upon incorporation, NPs come into
Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207
- large CNOs produced by an underwater carbon-arc discharge, as well as of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCTNs) on human skin fibroblasts and found more adverse effects upon exposure to MWCNTs as compared to CNOs. However, CNOs were also found to cause negative effects on the studied cell cultures. The
PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205
- types (alveolar epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells), adverse effects were also only found at high silver concentrations. The silver ions that are released from silver nanoparticles may be harmful to skin with disrupted barrier (e.g., wounds) and induce oxidative stress in skin cells
- effects, such as cytotoxicity and/or (pro-)inflammatory responses are only induced by higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with the human skin barrier and keratinocytes Silver is widely used in dermatology and health care as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192
- . Preferred fields of application for rutile pigments are coatings, paints, plastics and building materials, whereas anatase pigments are mainly used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or food. One of the most important properties of titanium dioxide is its UV absorption, which protects human skin against sunburn
- and skin cancer. Optically transparent TiO2 is the most important ingredient of any commercially available sun cream. The most common way of achieving a transparent, highly UV-absorbent sun cream is to use intentionally manufactured nano-sized titanium dioxide. An urgent demand for reliable methods
Biocompatibility of cerium dioxide and silicon dioxide nanoparticles with endothelial cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1795–1807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.190
- increase in oxidative stress after CeO2 nanoparticles exposure was shown [25][26][27]. Under certain circumstances nanoparticles can pass specific biological barriers (e.g., skin via wounds or lesions) and ultimately enter the blood vessel system. In consequence, interactions between endothelial cells and
In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180
- biodistributed within and out of the body. The analysis of quantitative biokinetics can be performed after the NP administration by any route of intake, via the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, the blood circulation or the skin. Basically, the total amount of particles administered and retained in
- and skin. Estimating the skeletal AuNP fraction about 15% of the translocated AuNP were accumulated from blood to the bone marrow with its sensitive stem cell population. For more details see [10][13]. After the intravenous injection of AuNP suspensions a retention is expected in the organs of the
- skin, which is consistent with the findings after intratracheal instillation. For more details see [12]. Twenty-four hours after administration via all three routes significant amount AuNP still circulated in blood with the actual fractions depending on the particle size. Highest fractions were always
From sticky to slippery: Biological and biologically-inspired adhesion and friction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1450–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.157
- of cells, insect feet, snake skin, plant traps, and bird wings are just a few striking examples of a tremendous diversity of biological surfaces and systems with remarkable contact behavior about many of which our knowledge is limited compared to medically relevant biotribosystems. Since the 90s a
- theoretical studies which range from insect adhesion, bacterial adhesion and skin friction to artificial biomimetic systems, e.g., snake-skin inspired polymer patterns or gecko tape. The Thematic Series does not attempt to give a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of biological contact mechanics
The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151
- , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.151 Abstract Besides the lung and skin, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the main targets for accidental exposure or biomedical
Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149
- interaction with Ag NPs can occur through the lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and bloodstream. However, the inhalation of Ag NP aerosols is a primary concern. To study the possible effects of inhaled Ag NPs, an in vitro triple cell co-culture model of the human alveolar/airway barrier (A549 epithelial
- been demonstrated [11]. Therefore, the effects of Ag NPs on human health and the environment are currently increasingly explored [12]. Human interaction with Ag NPs can occur through the lung, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and bloodstream. However, inhalation of Ag NPs is a primary concern for humans
- in an occupational environment [13]. Inhalation, or ingestion, of Ag in large quantities and over a long period of time can cause a disease called “argyria”, which leads to a blue or grey discoloration of the skin and other organs [14]. However, many questions remain open concerning the specific
Surface topography and contact mechanics of dry and wet human skin
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1341–1348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.147
- topography of the human wrist skin is studied by using optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods. By using these techniques the surface roughness power spectrum is obtained. The Persson contact mechanics theory is used to calculate the contact area for different magnifications, for the dry and wet
- skin. The measured friction coefficient between a glass ball and dry and wet skin can be explained assuming that a frictional shear stress σf ≈ 13 MPa and σf ≈ 5 MPa, respectively, act in the area of real contact during sliding. These frictional shear stresses are typical for sliding on surfaces of
- elastic bodies. The big increase in friction, which has been observed for glass sliding on wet skin as the skin dries up, can be explained as result of the increase in the contact area arising from the attraction of capillary bridges. Finally, we demonstrated that the real contact area can be properly
Trade-offs in sensitivity and sampling depth in bimodal atomic force microscopy and comparison to the trimodal case
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1144–1151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.125
- volume of material between the surface skin and the lowest point reached by the tip during maximum indentation). Thus, images with drastically different parameters are not necessarily comparable to one another. Figure 6 illustrates the corresponding changes in the acquired topography for the feature
Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1091–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.122
- suggesting a trade-off between these two effects. Keywords: biomimetics; dry friction; microstructure; polymer; snake skin; Introduction Owing to the lack of extremities, the ventral body side of snakes is in almost continuous contact with the substrate. In spite of this, snakes are one of the most
- successful animal groups in occupying niches on all continents, except for Antarctica [1][2][3]. From a tribology point of view, their ventral skin surface has to fulfil two opposite functions: (1) to support body propulsion during locomotion by generating high friction in contact with the substrate and (2
- ) to reduce skin material abrasion by generating low friction in forward sliding along the substrate [4]. Anisotropic frictional properties of the snake skin were previously shown by several tribological studies using various techniques at the macro scale [5][6][7][8][9], meso scale [10], and nano
Fibrillar adhesion with no clusterisation: Functional significance of material gradient along adhesive setae of insects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 837–845, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.95
- . This has been previously shown for insect cuticle [24][25], snake skin [26], human teeth [27][28], and other biological composites. The gradients have been also recently reported for smooth attachment devices of insects [29]. Interestingly, the gradients in smooth pads of locusts and bushcrickets are
The surface microstructure of cusps and leaflets in rabbit and mouse heart valves
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 622–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.73
- microstructures of the water skipper’s leg, the moth’s eye, shark skin, the darkling beetle, and the cicada’s wing [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. At the same time, the relationship between superhydrophobicity and surface microstructures attracted strong interest. A large number of surfaces with all kinds
Single-asperity contact mechanics with positive and negative work of adhesion: Influence of finite-range interactions and a continuum description for the squeeze-out of wetting fluids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 419–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.50
- , an additional length enters, namely that associated with the adhesive zone. The additional adhesive radius or skin aa then needs to be taken into consideration. When the Tabor coefficient is very small, aa becomes large, and one needs aa to lie within the simulation cell. A new series of inequalities
The role of oxygen and water on molybdenum nanoclusters for electro catalytic ammonia production
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.11
- therefore constitute a strong blocking of the active sites and subsequently limit the ammonia production rate through the associative mechanism on partially oxidized nitrogen covered molybdenum nanoclusters. Direct reduction of the residual nitrogen skin will, however, still be possible and the potential
- will not be influenced by the presence of oxygen and the nitrogen skin will be reduced electrochemically at −0.6 V as shown in [2]. An oxygen skin The electrochemical production of ammonia will not only occur on nitrogen covered molybdenum clusters, but could also take place at very low or no nitrogen
- oxygen and nitrogen is obtained on the surface. This oxygen skin is approximate 1–2 eV more energetically favoured than a nitrogen skin at low coverage. At higher coverage, the oxygen skin becomes even more energetically favoured. However, an applied potential of U = −0.6 V, destabilizes oxygen (dashed
Friction behavior of a microstructured polymer surface inspired by snake skin
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 83–97, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.8
- ; friction; polymer; snake inspired; stick-slip; Introduction The absence of extremities in snakes has strong tribological consequences for the material of their skin. The ventral body side of the snake is in continuous contact with the substrate. Therefore ventral scales must have optimized frictional
- the skin scales, so called microornamentation [1][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], and specific adaptations of the material architecture of the skin, like highly ordered embedded fibers [14], which can potentially influence material properties [15][16], might contribute to the frictional anisotropy
- . The role of microornamentation in frictional properties of the snake skin was extensively examined [2][3][9][11][12]. We previously showed a strong influence of the stiffness of the underlying layers of the epidermis on the anisotropic frictional properties of the skin [17]. This finding demonstrates
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