Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• . Experimental Materials The ionic liquid [BDiMIM][Cl], host polymer PVdF-HFP with an average molecular weight of 400000 (MW), and salt magnesium per chlorate Mg(ClO4)2 were all obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Germany. The plasticizer propylene carbonate was purchased from Loba Chemie, and the solvent acetonitrile

• concentrations of the salt Mg(ClO4)2 were dissolved in the plasticizer PC. Different weight percentages of PVdF-HFP and ionic liquid were separately dissolved in a common solvent (i.e., ACN). The optimized solution of the liquid electrolyte was then mixed with the polymer/ionic liquid solution in different

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• density on the distribution of the electrostatic potential within the EDL, many previous studies have investigated how the surface charge density can affect the solvent hydrodynamic slippage on solid surfaces. It was demonstrated by many researches that when the surface charge density increases, the slip

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• starts drying, evaporation of the solvent causes voids and helps in generating clusters of the solute on the substrate. For smaller pockets of the fluid, which can be regarded as droplets, variation in surface tension or temperature at different interfaces predominantly causes either a surface tension

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• with ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol as solvent [29][30]. The authors reasoned the cleavage at the particle tips by weak van der Waals forces between (Sb4S6)n chains, of which the particles consisted, or by strongly bound ligands interfering with the crystal growth, respectively. However, as

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• cycles at 167 mA·g−1 current density. While CS2 is the most efficient solvent for sulfur, it is also an extremely reactive and hazardous solvent. Therefore, more benign solution methods for the synthesis of S NPs and sols are sought. In fact, such methods have been known for more than a hundred years now

• and can be distinguished in aqueous and organic solvent routes [57]. The so-called Weimarn sols are produced by dissolution of sulfur powder in ethanol or acetone-based solutions and the subsequent precipitation of sub-micrometer-size particles in water [57]. The so-called Raffo sols are obtained by a

• research. Qu et al. [60] precipitated 15 nm sized S NPs on V2O5 by acid hydrolysis of Na2S2O3. After encapsulation with graphene sheets the cathode had a discharge capacity of 215 mAh·g−1 at 2C after 2000 cycles. In another chemical method, S NPs were precipitated on rGO from a deep eutectic solvent

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• ligands attached to the metal center of the porphyrin were observed regardless of the type of surface (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Au surfaces were used), solvent (1-phenyloctane and n-tetradecane) and tip material (Pt/Ir, Au, and W), which indicates that the ligands have to be decoupled

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• specimens with recrystallized structures of wax and ß-diketone were prepared for SEM (Gemini Supra 40VP, Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) three days after the evaporation of the solvent. They were fixed on aluminum stubs (Plano, Wetzlar, Germany) with double-sided adhesive tape (Double-sided Tape Universal, Tesa

• solvent and were done in tapping mode with tapping-mode cantilevers (Tap300-G, Budget Sensors, Sofia, Bulgaria). The scan rates ranged from 0.7 to 2.3 Hz and the scan sizes from 3 × 3 to 10 × 10 µm. The maximum possible set point was used (approx. 60–70% of drive amplitude). Obtained topography and

• on the top of them were detected. AFM investigation of wax and ß-diketone recrystallization Recrystallization of wax and pure ß-diketone was investigated by AFM. The measurements started 6 to 14 min after the evaporation of the solvent and continued for 1 to 23 h. Recrystallization on HOPG The first

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• during preparation, and require no further purification, which gives them properties of a green solvent [25]. However, DESs share remarkable features with RTILs such as low vapor pressure, high tolerance to humidity, and high thermostability. The term “deep eutectic solvent” was first coined by Abbott in

• the year 2003 [26]. The first work on using DESs as a solvent in synthesizing anisotropic gold nanoparticles was reported in 2008 [27]. The synthesis involved no surfactant or seed in the reaction mixture. Later on, several studies were carried out to synthesize nanomaterials using DESs that embrace

• the principles of green chemistry. Despite extensive studies for more than a decade, DESs as solvents for nanomaterial synthesis yet awaits exploration regarding biological applications. In an interesting recently published work, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) has been used to extract metal

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• were analyzed from SEM and TEM images. To achieve a better resolution during SEM, we utilized a conductive silicon support and excluded the metal coating of the sample; Ag NPs were placed on the silicon surface by adsorptive immobilization to avoid aggregation during solvent evaporation. Figure 1 shows

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• temperature, pH, enzyme, redox potential, ionic strength, or solvent composition of the media. Other stimuli are external, such as heat, light, electric field, magnetic field, or ultrasound (US) [5][6][7]. Designing such single, dual, or multi-stimulus-responsive smart delivery vehicles provides an

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• three. The proton at position six overlapped with the solvent signal and thus is not shown. The peaks were assigned according to AIST Spectral Database for Organic Compounds [55]. Then, a 5 mM solution of AgNO3 was added and the mixture was left to react for 2 h. During that time, the solution became

• , PaloAlto, CA, USA) operating at 399.6 MHz. The chemical shifts were expressed in parts per million (ppm), referenced to the residual water signal. All spectra were recorded at 25 °C. The signal of the solvent was suppressed by using the PRESAT pulse sequence, available in the VnmrJ (4.2A) software. TEM

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• ethanol, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All of them were of analytical grade and were used as purchased without any purification. Ethylene glycol (EG) was used as a solvent in the reactions. Preparation of silver nanowires For synthesizing silver nanowires (AgNWs) with high aspect ratio and controlled

• diameter, ethylene glycol (EG) was used as a solvent and also acted as a reducer. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used as source of silver. The stabilizer used in the reaction was PVP, which also acted as a capping agent. In addition to stabilizing and capping, PVP also prevented the agglomeration of silver

• ratio of 1:4 caused uniform and impurity-free growth of AgNWs. Usually, special attempts are taken to purify the nanowires [39], but in our case no additional steps were required to purify the as-synthesized AgNWs. The solvent plays a vital role in assembling the AgNWs [54]. It is found that the

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• side chains. Different from long alkyl chains, the polymers incorporating the oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains (P48) (Figure 5) showed considerably improved charge separation and transport and could be dispersed in water without any co-solvent. Similar to the N atoms in BT units, oxygen atoms can

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• conditions are more difficult to be maintained. Additionally, because the presence of solvent on the surface cannot be fully eliminated, one has to take care of its possible influence. Here, we compare the high-vacuum electrospray deposition method to thermal evaporation for the preparation of C60 on

•  1a. Then, by applying a voltage difference, typically 1.2 kV, between the solution and the capillary, droplets of solvent and diluted molecules are created and accelerated towards the capillary, through the differential pumping vacuum system, finally reaching the sample in ultrahigh vacuum. The main

• requirement for the suitability of molecules for ESD is their solubility in a compatible solvent. A drawback is, therefore, the presence of the solvent itself. Various implementations of electrospray deposition setups were developed to allow for the selection of the molecular species via mass spectrometer

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• investigation to determine the nanoparticle layers and their Raman activity. For this purpose, the substrates were split in half. Monolayer preparation The 4-ATP monolayers were self-assembled onto cleaned and dried solvent and buffer-treated SERS substrates (see previous section) by immersing the prepared

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• average molecule numbers in a scattering volume for the SERS experiment conditions and for Raman scattering, respectively. The studied system herein is not a typical SERS system regarding the SERS substrate and the analysed substance (target molecule) in a low concentration. In our system, the solvent is

• values (average of total energy values of the interactions with all neighbouring elements) were taken into account without a detailed differentiation of the particular elements [47][48][49][50]. Each lattice site represented a solvent, here a water molecule or a Ag atom. Two states of water were

• probability of a successful solvent displacement (reflecting the water diffusion) was defined by the Boltzmann distribution: where T is the temperature (set as 300 K), R is the universal gas constant, and E could take two values: Ew (=Σ3k=1 εww + εaw) close to the wall or Eb (=Σ4k=1 εww) far from the wall

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• polyol synthesis method involves the reduction of a metal salt in the presence of a boiling solvent at elevated temperatures (>160 °C). In order to protect the nucleated particles and avoid agglomeration, the most commonly used adjuvant is PVP [139]. One of the advantages of this method is that ethylene

• glycol, besides serving as a solvent, is also a reducing agent. Furthermore, as the reaction is dependent on the temperature it allows for an easy control of the nucleation and growth of AgNPs, as shown in Figure 10 [141]. Upon starting the reaction in an EG solution heated at 160 °C, the monocrystalline

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• ]. During the typical SCS process, the initial phase is carried out at low temperatures and is associated with the evaporation of water or solvent. This allows for the formation of a gel, which acts as the precursor in the main part of the self-propagation reaction. This step is carried out at elevated

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• with respect to van der Waals and double layer interactions. Preliminary results show that the particle aggregation behavior depends on the initial lattice configuration and solvent properties. Ultimately, our model provides the first constructal framework for predicting the self-assembly of particles

• or repulsive force, respectively (Figure 1b). Therefore, when FDLVO = 0, the particles experience zero net force. These fixed point locations are observed in Figure 1b where FDLVO intersects the equilibrium line. The location of the stable fixed point, which varies based on the particle and solvent

• The constructal model outlined above provides a useful framework for predicting, tuning, and optimizing colloidal particle assembly. As a proof of concept, we start with a representative particle/solvent combination, where a0 = 25 nm, ζp = −25 mV, I = 0.011 M, and εc = 80 (water), with an initial

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• ponatinib and SAR302503 are hydrophobic drugs and were co-encapsulated inside the hydrophobic core of PEG–PLA micelles by solvent displacement nanoprecipitation. The results demonstrated that the targeted NDDS enabled a high availability of the drugs inside the BM, which is a prerequisite for overcoming the

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• 99.996 vol %) atmosphere by using standard Schlenk techniques. Samples were prepared and stored in a MBraun Glovebox. Solvents (acetonitrile, n-hexane, and methylene chloride) were dried by using a MBraun solvent purification system or distilled (1-methylimidazole and 1-chlorobutane) and stored over 4 Å

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• characteristics of these nanoparticles in the solvent and culture medium are shown in Table 1. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) Particle size distribution and zeta potential of the surface-modified MNPs in stock solution and culture medium were determined by DLS using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, UK

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• unless specified otherwise. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker Advance DPX200, DPX300, AVII400, AVIII400 and AVII600 instruments at ambient temperature. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were referenced relative to the residual solvent system (CD2Cl2). 19F NMR spectra were referenced to hexafluorobenzene (−164.9

• . [(Cl,Et)AuBr] (4): A solution of 2 (100.6 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1 equiv) and LiBr (211.6 mg, 2.4 mmol, 10 equiv) in dried acetone (10 mL) was stirred in the dark under Ar for 20 h. Solvent was removed by rotary evapouration and the resulting white solid was partially dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) and

• analysis: calcd. for C7H10AuBrCl2N2: C, 17.89; H, 2.14; N, 5.96; found: C, 17.76; H, 2.13; N, 5.82%. [(Cl,Et)AuI] (5): A suspension of 2 (100.3 mg, 0.24 mmol, 1 equiv) and NaI (358.2 mg, 2.4 mmol, 10 equiv) in dried acetone (10 mL) was stirred in the dark under Ar for 20 h. Solvent was removed by rotary

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• . Another physical method widely used for the synthesis of AgNPs is the arc discharge method. In this method, two electrodes – a cathode and an anode – are connected in a high current DC circuit and submerged in a solvent – mostly deionized water – to run the process [129][131]. These electrodes can be

• ]. In the sol–gel method, a gel-like mixture is first prepared by mixing the silver precursor solution with a metal complex compound (i.e. comprised of Ca, Ti, Sr, etc.) [143][144] in a solvent such as water or alcohol. Then the product is heated in order for the nucleation and reaction to take place

• –gel technique at 100 °C and produced particles with an average diameter of 25 nm with hexagonal cross section. In the sol–gel process, besides temperature and gel composition, the solvent plays an important role in determining the size, morphology, and surface characteristics of the synthesized AgNPs

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• between the capacitor plates using a syringe. For an incubation time of 5 min, a voltage of 5 V was applied, and then the drop was removed. Since the substrate was not completely dry after removal of the solvent, it was found that the surface tension pulls the deposited patches apart forming quasi