Influence of stabilising agents and pH on the size of SnO₂ nanoparticles

• Olga Rac,
• Patrycja Suchorska-Woźniak,
• Marta Fiedot and
• Helena Teterycz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2192–2201, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.228

• polymer choice on the size of the resulting nanoparticles was investigated and a mechanism describing their interaction was proposed. It was found that stable colloids of SnO2 nanoparticles are formed in the presence of both PEI and Triton X-100 surfactants as stabilising agents. However, an additional

• controlled size and shape is carried out in the presence of stabilising substances. Commonly, two types of stabilisers are used, namely, polymers and surfactants [17]. The synthesis of nanoparticles in the presence of a polymer is one of the preferred ways to prevent their agglomeration. Polymers used as

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• functionalization of CNOs, especially with small molecules or surfactants, which is widely described for CNTs [23], has not been reported so far. Covalent functionalization Synthetic procedures for the covalent functionalization of CNOs are largely based on previously described strategies for the functionalization

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• consists of coating CNTs with surfactants, peptides, polymers, or nucleic acids, which preserve their aromatic structure, and (ii) the covalent approach [37][38][39], by means of applying several protocols, such as oxidation in strong acids, fluorination [40], and Bingel [41] and Billups [42] reactions

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• Langmuir–Blodgett technique, exhibited a high dielectric constant, which makes them promising candidates for applications in future memory storage, and hybrid (organic–inorganic) electronic devices. Often cationic surfactants such as DODA were used as host organic matrix to synthesize organic–inorganic

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• Chieh-Chun Wu Ling Tang Mark R. De Guire Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-7204, USA 10.3762/bjnano.5.181 Abstract Treatments with organic surfactants, followed by the deposition of nanocrystalline ceria

• were treated with surfactants prior to immersion in an aqueous precursor solution [27]. By this approach, a nanocrystalline ceria film was formed without further heat treatment. The thickness of the film and its morphology and distribution within the microstructure of the porous SOFC anode depended

• treatments on these phenomena are discussed below. Dependence of coating characteristics on surfactant treatments Whatever effects the organic surfactants had on the cell performance could have only been exerted during the deposition of the ceria coatings. Before cell operation, during the high-temperature

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• favored by the presence of polymeric non-ionic surfactants containing a branched tail promoting a steric barrier that prevents aggregation and by unsaturated C–C bonds “securing” through π–π interactions the polymers to the Csp2 backbone of the nanotubes. Diblock (A–B) and triblock (A–B–A) copolymers

• surface and thus CNTs bundling. Non-covalent interactions for solubilizing CNTs in water In order to favor the dispersion of CNTs in water the widely and most used approach is the adsorption of surfactants onto the nanotube sidewalls. Their main advantages are their cheapness, their ready commercial

• suspensions. During the years stable aqueous CNTs dispersions were obtained with differently charged and non-ionic commercial surfactants such as sodium dodecylbenzen sulfonate (SDBS), cetyltrimethylammonium p-toluenesulfonate (CTAT), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium cholate (SC) enhanced by

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• particle properties, e.g., by inducing aggregation processes in the presence of biomolecules [20], and hence complicating bio-response studies. The removal of surfactants or residual ligands from colloidal nanoparticles is possible, e.g., by centrifugation [21], diafiltration [22] or tangential-flow

• surfactants or ligands. Above, the presence of any organic stabilizers has been completely excluded during the size control strategies. However, organic ligands are present in all biological systems anyway so the application of additives strictly limited to this environment might be an elegant route for size

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• been investigated in the synthesis of AuNPs [12][18]. However, the reducing and capping capabilities of different proteins using a single protocol for the synthesis of any nanoparticles has not been explored or reported. In our previous study, four kinds of surfactants were utilized to study their

Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition

• Sheng Zhong,
• Thomas Koch,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Harald Rösner,
• Eberhard Nold,
• Aaron Kobler,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Di Wang,
• Christian Kübel,
• Mu Wang,
• Horst Hahn and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1285–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.142

• fabricated from AgNO3 electrolyte via electrodeposition without the help of templates, additives, and surfactants. Although the wire growth speed is very fast due to growth under non-equilibrium conditions, the wire morphology is regular and uniform in diameter. Structural studies reveal that the wires are

• potentiostatic mode without the need to use any templates, surfactants or additives. At the same time, our method has the advantages of high deposition rate, low reaction temperature, and low cost which are traditionally associated with electrochemical deposition techniques [27]. Results and Discussion The

• the wire are rough. Conclusion We have reported a novel technique for fabricating single-crystalline silver wires by electrochemical deposition, without introducing templates, additives and surfactants. The simple experimental setup and the wide range of control parameters make this approach a

Template-directed synthesis and characterization of microstructured ceramic Ce/ZrO₂@SiO₂ composite tubes

• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Meike Naumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1152–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.126

• -precipitation for the preparation of powders [13], impregnation [9], dip-coating [5], or hydrothermal synthesis [4], sol–gel synthesis routes have been widely employed for the preparation of CexZr1−xO2 solid solutions [14]. Pure aqueous sols or sols stabilized by the addition of organics, e.g., surfactants

Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants

• Carolina Gil-Lozano,
• Elisabeth Losa-Adams,
• Alfonso F.-Dávila and
• Luis Gago-Duport

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 855–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.97

• concentrations of precursors were employed [23][24][25][26]. This factor can be a limitation when high crystallinity is required; in such cases, use of low reagent concentrations or surfactants is often required to keep the particles apart. However, for the purposes of our work, the formation of interphases with

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• nanoparticle production – in particular the use of surfactants or stabilizers which may adsorb to the nanoparticle surface – a comparison is difficult and resilient conclusions remain elusive. In this context, it has been recently reported that the ligand type and its anchoring on the nanoparticle surface

• surfactants or ligands. Surfactants might have a great impact on nanoparticle toxicity. For instance, only changing the strength of ligand affinity to the nanoparticle, without changing its size or charge, significantly affects the toxicity even for gold nanoparticles. This difference in soft and hard ligand

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• aspect ratios of rod nanoparticles. This method typically involves the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactants as directing agents to grow gold nanorods in the solution phase. The as-synthesized gold nanorods surfaces are terminated with CTAB molecules and this formulation gives rise to

• precipitates in the solution. CTAB molecules are known to serve as surfactants for passivating the particles surface and maintaining the colloidal stability of the particles. The disruption and removal of CTAB from the gold particle surface results in large attractive interparticle forces, so that the

• observe a significant increase in the cell viability to up to 70%. This demonstrates that the toxicity of the formulation was drastically reduced by removing CTAB surfactants from the particle suspension. However, further washing treatments to the AuNRs is infeasible because the particles will become

Mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres for the visible-light driven photocatalytic degradation of dyes

• Subas K. Muduli,
• Songling Wang,
• Shi Chen,
• Chin Fan Ng,
• Cheng Hon Alfred Huan,
• Tze Chien Sum and
• Han Sen Soo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 517–523, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.60

• secondary roles in the photocatalytic destruction of RhB. Conclusion In summary, we have presented a facile, solvothermal synthesis of new mesoporous cerium oxide nanospheres, with isopropanol and ethylene glycol as the solvents and reducing agents. No expensive surfactants and templates have been used in

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• aggregates from surfactants or functional small molecules have also been developed for templating the formation of silica nanotubes [10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, these conventional methods cannot, in principle, avoid a non-templated silica deposition and also need harsh sol–gel conditions, such as long

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• or surfactants. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite was investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are dispersed intimately in a carbon framework. The

• , plasma synthesis, electro-spray, and laser pyrolysis techniques. Much improved electrochemical performances have been achieved with the modified materials [13]. However, all aforementioned methods need multi-step processes that include removing solvents, surfactants, or templates. Especially, the removal

• carbon encapsulated Fe3O4 nanocomposite [Fe3O4–C] by employing Fe(CO)5 precursor without any templates, solvents, or surfactants. This raw material acts not only as the source of iron and oxygen, but also of carbon, which gives rise to typical nanostructures. Fe3O4 nanoparticles are dispersed intimately

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

• Pavel V. Komarov,
• Pavel G. Khalatur and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

• for both triblock copolymer melts and amphiphile/water systems [70][71]. In particular, bicontinuous cubic phases (e.g., DD and DG) and transitions between them are often observed for mixtures of water with surfactants or lipids [71]. The observed specific structural organization of hydrated Nafion

• units is not too high, the monolayers are folded in such a way as to form a pattern of connected water channels. Such a behavior is typical for surfactants, lipids, polymeric foams, and assemblies of soap bubbles. In principle, the same percolating structures we observe for our model membrane. In this

Near-field effects and energy transfer in hybrid metal-oxide nanostructures

• Ulrich Herr,
• Barat Achinuq,
• Cahit Benel,
• Giorgos Papageorgiou,
• Manuel Goncalves,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Peter Marek and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 306–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.34

• using organic surfactants. Results of the ALD post-processing of TiO2:Eu nanoparticles are shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Figure 7 shows a STEM image of TiO2:Eu nanoparticles coated with 3 nm of Al2O3. In addition, a thin layer of TiO2 was added at the end of the process in order to test the

• with surfactants. In this part of the study, we used a nanosuspension based on a commercial fluorescent organic pigment (VTLUNP by LuminoChem), which exhibits excitation and emission spectra very similar to the ones of the TiO2:Eu. The luminescent center in this pigment is Eu. The emission spectrum for

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• in aqueous phase. Engelhardt et al. have established by using high-resolution TEM that MspA forms micelles and linear aggregates on surfaces showing a zipper-like pattern in the absence of surfactants, and that MspA is able to reconstitute in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles in the

• of surfactants forming spherical or ellipsoidal micelles. To our surprise, TEM characterization of MspA aggregates clearly indicated the formation of vesicles (Figure 4). However, vesicles are typically formed by surfactant bilayers featuring a packing parameter in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 [25]. This

Hydrogen-plasma-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy ordering in self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle monolayers

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Judith Meyer,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Irina Janzen,
• Dieter Akemeier and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 164–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.16

• mmol) dicobaltoctacarbonyl Co2(CO)8 was dissolved in 2 mL of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and rapidly injected into the refluxing bath. After a reaction time of 15 min, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. Due to the different surfactants present during the particle formation, particles in sample I are

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• salts diluted in alcoholic solutions; however, stable solutions by using surfactants [38] or applying a sol–gel process [39] can be also used. The main disadvantage of the chemical method is the difficulty of optimizing the catalyst solution. The template-based approach in which the catalysts are

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• -shaped (Figure 3c), are fabricated by applying adequate surfactants [46][49]. Before further processing, the template is rinsed in purified water. Compared to other available templates, such as di-block copolymer membranes or porous alumina, etched ion-track membranes offer the powerful possibility of

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• completely avoiding liquid dispersion steps, we were able to avoid any artifacts from residual surfactants or sonication. We found that bundle lengths determined the thin-film performance, as would be expected for highly resistive bundle–bundle junctions. However, we found no evidence that contact

• transistors [7][8] and capacitors [9]. However, most methods of fabricating devices rely on dispersion of the nanotubes in solutions. While the techniques are suitable for research, process-induced damage, such as tube cutting due to sonication [10][11], or residual surfactants severely limit device

• ]. However, due to their sample fabrication method it is likely that residual doping and surfactants were present in the samples, impacting on the results of their measurements. By comparison, aerosol CVD synthesis offers a unique platform to study the impact of bundle characteristics on the performance of

Conducting composite materials from the biopolymer kappa-carrageenan and carbon nanotubes

• Ali Aldalbahi,
• Jin Chu,
• Peter Feng and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 415–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.48

• their high surface energy and van der Waals interactions [3][5][6][7]. To overcome this issue, a diverse range of molecules have been used to aid the dispersion of CNTs in aqueous media, such as surfactants, polymers and biopolymers [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Well known examples of surfactants

• , mechanical and physical characteristics are dependent on various parameters, such as the type of CNTs (SWNT or MWNT), the filtration substrate (pore size; hydrophilic or hydrophobic), the sonication time and the type of dispersant (surfactants or polymers) [9][33]. The electrical properties combined with

Mesoporous MgTa₂O₆ thin films with enhanced photocatalytic activity: On the interplay between crystallinity and mesostructure

• Jin-Ming Wu,
• Igor Djerdj,
• Till von Graberg and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 123–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.13

• , with the help of certain surfactants; however, such round concaves containing ordered mesopores have not been noticed before. As a preliminary result, we ascribe the formation of such a nanoarchitecture to the Mg2+ ions in the precursor, which increased the polarity of the ethanol and enhanced the