High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• %) were firstly dissolved in mixed solvents of water and ethanol (20 mL) by ultrasonication for few minutes. Then, the commercial Hombikat UV100 TiO2 (1 g) was dispersed in the Fe(III) acetylacetonate solution by ultrasonic mixing for 10 min. The mixture was then stirred and irradiated under a 200 W Hg−Xe

• used and prepared as follows. The photocatalyst sample (10 mg) was dispersed in water (6 mL) and the mixture was homogeneously mixed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. The mixture (20 µL) was then dropped onto the working electrode of the SPE, followed by immersion of the SPE in 6 mL of electrolyte

α-((4-Cyanobenzoyl)oxy)-ω-methyl poly(ethylene glycol): a new stabilizer for silver nanoparticles

• Jana Lutze,
• Miguel A. Bañares,
• Marcos Pita,
• Andrea Haase,
• Andreas Luch and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 627–635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.67

• diluted and dispersed in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min. Afterwards a drop of the diluted and ultrasound-treated sample was deposited on a carbon film coated 200 mesh copper TEM grid (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and allowed to dry. A 200 kV JEOL 2100 transmission electron microscope equipped with an

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• ultrasonic bath. The wafer with the microelectrodes was spin-coated again with SU-8 to a thickness of 2 µm. The pattern with insulating windows was transferred to the spin-coated SU-8 film using the mask aligner. The wafer with the SU-8 film was developed in a developer (MicropositTM EC Solvent) and then

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• ; (n) length, diameter and aspect ratio distribution of nanoparticles as a function of time from 0 to 120 min. Cobalt nanoplates formed under ultrasonication. Micrographs captured after 45 min emphasize the importance of ultrasonic treatment to reduce the aggregation and interlocking tendency in

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• was also confirmed (43 ± 1 nm) by the local step height measure reported in Figure 1b for a patterned Al2O3. The dielectric patterning was obtained by depositing the oxide on a silicon wafer masked by a negative profile resist and then removing the resist by an ultrasonic hot chemical bath. This

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• , etc. Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis Since the nineties, spray crystallization and synthesis has been performed using several atomizers, and among them piezoelectric transducers [75][76]. As a spray technique, the goal is to produce one particle per droplet, but here the crystallization is controlled by

• the drying step, an oven just after the atomization. Spitzer et al. [77][78] and Kim et al. [79] both developed an apparatus to produce dried sub-micrometer RDX from an ultrasonic transducer. After the droplet generation, the solvent is evaporated by thermal gradient applied on the flux pulled by a

• Heijden et al. [83] showed that spray drying is able to crystallize finer RDX particles (”from 400 nm and larger”) than their technique of precipitation into antisolvent (1 to 10 μm). Qiu et al. studied the crystallization of energetic compounds using spray drying with ultrasonic [84] or pneumatic [85

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• at a target voltage of 400 V, ratio between gas species of Ar/O = 2/0.5 for 10 min. The dimensions of all substrates were 10 × 10 mm2. Before seed layer deposition, the substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with acetone for 10 min, then rinsed with deionized water and dried under nitrogen

Multimodal cantilevers with novel piezoelectric layer topology for sensitivity enhancement

• Steven Ian Moore,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Yuen Kuan Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 358–371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.38

• impossible in liquids [23][24] and can alter the cantilever response rendering the identification and subsequent analysis of higher modes exceedingly difficult. For this reason, numerous integrated actuation methods such as magnetic [25], photothermal [26], resistive thermal [27], ultrasonic [28] or via a

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• demonstrating hydrophobic nanoparticles. Wang et al. functionalized commercial TiO2 nanoparticles in aqueous solution via ultrasonic treatment at room temperature with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate [17]. The resulting particles exhibited hydrophobic behavior. Another study reported room-temperature

Template-controlled piezoactivity of ZnO thin films grown via a bioinspired approach

• Nina J. Blumenstein,
• Fabian Streb,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Zaklina Burghard and
• Joachim Bill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 296–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.32

• acetone/ethanol 1:1 for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath. Afterwards, they were treated for 10 min in an O2-plasma with 30 W, followed by another cleaning in Milli-Q water in ultrasound (10 min). In-between the different steps, the wafers were dried with N2. Carboxylate-SAMs were prepared according to

Performance of colloidal CdS sensitized solar cells with ZnO nanorods/nanoparticles

• Anurag Roy,
• Partha Pratim Das,
• Mukta Tathavadekar,
• Sumita Das and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 210–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.23

• synthesized using a BSA-mediated process under sonication. Aqueous solutions of 0.1 M Cd(NO3)2·4H2O and 1.25 × 10−6 M (BSA) were sonicated (ultrasonic probe, Rivotek, 30 kHz, 250 W) for 45 min followed by immediate dropwise addition of 0.1 M Na2S until the pH of the resultant solution reached ≈4. The

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• substrate was a Si(100) n-type substrate with ρ = 3–5 Ω cm. Prior to plating, each sample was cut into squares of 1.5 × 1.5 cm and degreased in acetone at 60 °C and then placed in an ultrasonic bath for 6 min. This was followed by immersion in DHF (6% HF) for 10 s or 240 s. The substrates were then

Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• AFM was employed, which was coupled to a Ti-U Nikon inverted optical microscope. Pieces of samples 1 and 2 were measured before and after being cleaned by 5 min of ultrasonic bath immersed in acetone. Fastened along an optical microscope glass slide using scotch tape on both sides, the samples proved

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• adding ferrocene followed by sonication. In the glass on the left containing the ferrocene/toluene solution, the sample appears more homogeneous than in the glass on the right containing the ferrocene/water solution. The sonication operation, carried out employing the ultrasonic sonicator Bandelin

• adopted. Initially a material with weight of 9.5 mg (mixture of MWCNTs with 75% ferrocene by weight) in 25 mL of toluene (equal to a volume ratio of 0.029%) was used. To obtain a homogeneous solution, an ultrasonic probe (Figure 4a) and a magnetic stirrer (Figure 4b), were employed, each for ten minutes

• ). Employing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the dispersion of the mixture in the solvent was facilitated [28]. Using 250 mg of SDS in 25 mL of water, equal to a volume ratio of 1%, the ultrasonic probe and the magnetic stirrer were applied for ten minutes. The solution then appeared more homogeneous (Figure 5

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

Graphene–polymer coating for the realization of strain sensors

• Carmela Bonavolontà,
• Carla Aramo,
• Massimo Valentino,
• Giampiero Pepe,
• Sergio De Nicola,
• Gianfranco Carotenuto,
• Angela Longo,
• Mariano Palomba,
• Simone Boccardi and
• Carosena Meola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 21–27, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.3

• min in a muffle furnace to produce expanded graphite. The expanded graphite filaments were converted to nanostructured graphite by ultrasonic treatment in acetone, using a horn sonicator (Bandelin Sonopuls, model UW2200, 20 kHz, 200 W, Berlin, Germany). The suspension (800 mL) was sonicated for 30 min

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• employing either a classical thermal pathway (i.e., thermal decomposition in solution, solvothermal method, dry thermal decomposition/calcination) or using a nonconventional energy source (i.e., microwave or ultrasonic treatment) to convert precursors into iron oxides. The resulting materials were

• subjected to irradiation with ultrasound (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S22). The procedures for samples NPU1–NPU2 differ only in the ultrasonic irradiation time (5 min for NPU1 and 30 min for NPU2). In addition, sample NPU2 was also subsequently subjected to thermal treatment at 400 °C to track

• %; trichloroacetic acid (TCA), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, ACS reagent grade, purity >99%. Equipment The ultrasonication was performed with an ultrasonic processor, model VC 505, 500 W, 20 kHz. The microwave synthesis was carried out in a sealed vessel and was PC operated (Synergy Software, Discover LabMate, CEM

Organoclay hybrid materials as precursors of porous ZnO/silica-clay heterostructures for photocatalytic applications

• Marwa Akkari,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Abdessalem Ben Haj Amara and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1971–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.188

• using a JEOL 2100F STEM microscopy, operating at 200 kV equipped with an EDX (INCA x-sight of Oxford Instruments) detector for semiquantitative analysis. The specimens for TEM were prepared by putting the as-grown products in ethanol and immersing them in an ultrasonic bath for 15 min, then dropping a

Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• José Antonio De Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1948–1959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.186

• substrates (1 cm2 surface area) were used as the substrate. Prior to the film deposition, the substrates were washed in an ultrasonic bath with acetone and rinsed twice with deionized water (MilliQ). PEDOT/PSS was diluted 1:10 in deionized water and stirred in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min. Then, 100 μL of

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• × 20 mm squares and degreased in the ultrasonic cleaner with the use of acetone and isopropanol. The following samples were prepared: (A) T30 – prior to thermal treatment, the Ti foils were etched in concentrated hydrochloric acid HCl (35–38%, Avantor Performance Materials, Poland) at 55 °C for 30 min

Role of RGO support and irradiation source on the photocatalytic activity of CdS–ZnO semiconductor nanostructures

• Suneel Kumar,
• Rahul Sharma,
• Vipul Sharma,
• Gurunarayanan Harith,
• Vaidyanathan Sivakumar and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1684–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.161

• dropwise under vigorous stirring. This was followed by ultrasonic treatment of the solution for 30 min for homogenization. Then, this homogenous solution was transferred to a 100 mL teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave, sealed tightly and maintained at 180 °C for 12 h. White precipitates of ZnO NR were

Sb₂S₃ grown by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and its application in a hybrid solar cell

• Erki Kärber,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere,
• Valdek Mikli and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1662–1673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.158

• chemicals occurs. The aerosol is produced using an ultrasonic oscillator in a bath of precursor solution and guided by compressed air. The use of the ultrasonic CSP resulted in the growth of homogeneous and well-adhered layers that consist of submicron crystals of single-phase Sb2S3 with a bandgap of 1.6 eV

• /cm2, a fill factor of 42% and a conversion efficiency of 1.3%. Conversion efficiencies up to 1.9% were obtained from solar cells with smaller areas. Keywords: absorber; chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP); hybrid solar cell; stibnite (Sb2S3); ultrasonic atomization; Introduction A solution-based

• ]. In this work, we report the first results on growing Sb2S3 by ultrasonic chemical spray pyrolysis (ultrasonic CSP), and on the application of ultrasonic CSP grown Sb2S3 as an absorber in a hybrid solar cell. The aim of this work is to obtain a single-phase Sb2S3 absorber by ultrasonic CSP, and to

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• electron microscopy (TEM) (JEM2000EX; JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The TEM, high-resolution TEM, and selected area electron diffraction tests were conducted at 200 kV. The samples for the TEM observations were prepared by dropping the methanol particle dispersion, created by an ultrasonic technique, on a carbon

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• oxidation and ultrasonic exfoliation, the GO exhibits a broad and intense D band in its Raman spectrum [28]. The intensity ratio between D and G peaks (ID/IG = 0.94) also indicates the high defect concentration in GO platelets. High intensity peaks at about 520 cm−1 and 950 cm−1 in the Raman spectrum can be

Fabrication and characterization of branched carbon nanostructures

• Sharali Malik,
• Yoshihiro Nemoto,
• Hongxuan Guo,
• Katsuhiko Ariga and
• Jonathan P. Hill

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1260–1266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.116

• in ethanol (30 mL) for 8 h (ultrasonic denerator, model GSCVP 150 at ca. 80% power). The dispersion was centrifuged at 3500g for 90 min to give the “stage II”-modified MWCNTs, which are the b-MWCNTs. The supernatant was spotted onto lacey carbon Cu TEM grids and onto polished Si chips for subsequent