Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• the exchange of the light source in the optical beam deflection sensor has already decreased the detector noise by an order of magnitude with respect to the original value, and that otherwise for the same choice of bandwidth, the detector noise would be dominating and the Kelvin signal fluctuation

• mW. About 0.5 mW intensity is received by the photodiode, which was estimated from its known current–intensity characteristics. To compensate the increased intensity of the light source, the gain of the transimpedance amplifier was reduced accordingly to avoid output voltage saturation. The sample is

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• use a light source of shorter wavelengths to excite the carriers in TiO2, so that the generated electrons and holes induce a photocatalytic effect and etch the substrate [12]. Those techniques resulted in ultraflat surfaces with Ra values as small as 2 Å. Although CeO2 is not required in this

• to fabricate structures of several tens of nanometres in size by introducing near fields with the use of a visible light source [18]. Such advances can lead to the realization of systems that do not require EUV light sources, which are currently of limited practical use in industry because the

• etching (i.e., nonadiabatic photoetching). We note that in the AFM images shown, the tilt in the scan was compensated by using the third-order least-squares method. The light source for the conventional photoetching was a 5.82 eV light (λ = 213 nm; 20 Hz; pulse width 5 ns), the energy of which was higher

Modulation of defect-mediated energy transfer from ZnO nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of bilirubin

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Karthik K. Lakshman,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Abhinandan Makhal,
• Samim Sardar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 714–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.81

• deficiency of important enzymes in the body [4]. At present, phototherapy, the treatment of various diseases with light irradiation, is the most widely used treatment for neonatal jaundice. In it, the unconjugated (Z,Z)-BR isomers are converted to water-soluble (Z,E)-BR isomers by using a light source

Influence of particle size and fluorination ratio of CF_x precursor compounds on the electrochemical performance of C–FeF₂ nanocomposites for reversible lithium storage

• Ben Breitung,
• M. Anji Reddy,
• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Michael Engel,
• Christian Kübel,
• Annie K. Powell,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 705–713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.80

• ). As excitation light source a HeNe gas laser from JDS Uniphase was used at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The beam was focused through a 100× objective onto the sample. The Raman-scattered light was separated from the laser excitation light by using a holographic notch filter, and spectrally analyzed by

Deformation-induced grain growth and twinning in nanocrystalline palladium thin films

• Aaron Kobler,
• Jochen Lohmiller,
• Jonathan Schäfer,
• Michael Kerber,
• Anna Castrup,
• Ankush Kashiwar,
• Patric A. Gruber,
• Karsten Albe,
• Horst Hahn and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 554–566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.64

• used for in-situ SXRD deformation experiments at the Material Science Beamline of the Swiss Light Source [28][45]. These samples were also subjected to tensile deformation at room temperature at a similar strain rate. In these experiments the samples were loaded in two cycles, first to a maximum

• authors would also like to thank A. Bergamaschi, A. Cervellino, F. Gozzo and B. Schmitt for their excellent support at the MS beamline of the Swiss Light Source.

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• and other characteristics. Keywords: cathodoluminescence; electron field emission; light source; nano-graphite; vacuum electronics; Introduction The fundamental importance of light in our lives cannot be overstated. The sun is the only natural source of light emission with appropriate intensity

• an excellent total power efficiency of the CL light source, which is about 10% (for green light) at current laboratory stage. Another advantage of this technology is the potential ability to provide light sources with any colors by simply mixing the phosphor materials. Experimental NGF materials were

Characterization of electroforming-free titanium dioxide memristors

• John Paul Strachan,
• J. Joshua Yang,
• L. A. Montoro,
• C. A. Ospina,
• A. J. Ramirez,
• A. L. D. Kilcoyne,
• Gilberto Medeiros-Ribeiro and
• R. Stanley Williams

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 467–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.55

• -970, Brazil Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 10.3762/bjnano.4.55 Abstract Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) structures based on titanium dioxide have demonstrated reversible and

• performed using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) at the Advanced Light Source in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. STXM allows spatially-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to be performed on a sample and is well-suited for chemical and structural characterization of the thin

• supported by the U.S. Government's Nano-Enabled Technology Initiative. Work at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. We

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• . Polymerization was carried out on an OAI Model 30 deep-UV collimated light source (San Jose, CA) fitted with an USHIO 500 W Hg-xenon lamp (Japan). Irradiation intensity was calibrated by using an OAI 360 UV power meter with a 260 nm probe head. Monomers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Further

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

• Igor Beinik,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Astrid Wachauer,
• Lin Wang,
• Yuri P. Piryatinski,
• Gerhard Brauer,
• Xin Yi Chen,
• Yuk Fan Hsu,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

• carry out PC-AFM experiments, the setup was extended with an external illumination system, which consists of a 150 W Xenon lamp (white-light source) connected to an Omni-λ 150 monochromator (LOT-Oriel, wavelength continuously tunable from about 300 nm to over 1 μm), an optical fiber, and several

• collimating lenses. A calibration curve, which accounts for both the transmittance of the optical system and the emission spectrum of the light source, was recorded and used for the correction of the photocurrent spectra. The illumination from the AFM feedback laser diode, which has a wavelength of ≈850 nm

•  5a reveals that the sample becomes photosensitive at ≈400 nm (3.1 eV). To estimate a band-gap energy that could be compared with the values derived from the PL experiments, we normalized the data presented in Figure 5a taking into account the emission spectrum of our light source (i.e., we switched

Thermal noise limit for ultra-high vacuum noncontact atomic force microscopy

• Jannis Lübbe,
• Matthias Temmen,
• Sebastian Rode,
• Philipp Rahe,
• Angelika Kühnle and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 32–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.4

• temperature fluctuations and mechanical instability. It has been shown, however, that by operating the laser diode with radio-frequency modulation, the contribution of the light source to the total noise can be reduced to a negligible minimum [3]. The issue of noise is intimately related to the requirements

• (Nanosurf AG, Liestal, Switzerland) for frequency demodulation. The AFM/STM setup has been modified by replacing the light source (light-emitting diode exchanged with a laser diode) and using optimised preamplifiers. Preamplifiers have been optimised for low-noise operation at frequencies around 100 kHz and

• 300 kHz, respectively, and are exchanged depending on the eigenfrequency of the cantilever. Details on this modification and the frequency response of the preamplifiers can be found in [7]. The light source is a 48TE-SOT (Schäfter+Kirchhoff GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) and emits light at a wavelength of

Diamond nanophotonics

• Katja Beha,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Marco Wolfer,
• Merle C. Becker,
• Petr Siyushev,
• Mohammad Jamali,
• Anton Batalov,
• Christopher Hinz,
• Jakob Hees,
• Lutz Kirste,
• Harald Obloh,
• Etienne Gheeraert,
• Boris Naydenov,
• Ingmar Jakobi,
• Florian Dolde,
• Sébastien Pezzagna,
• Daniel Twittchen,
• Matthew Markham,
• Daniel Dregely,
• Harald Giessen,
• Jan Meijer,
• Fedor Jelezko,
• Christoph E. Nebel,
• Rudolf Bratschitsch,
• Alfred Leitenstorfer and
• Jörg Wrachtrup

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 895–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.100

• measurement through a single-pillar resonator is shown in Figure 8e. The transmission spectrum is dominated by the fundamental mode HE11 of the pillar microcavity. Also a faint first HE01/HE2 and third HE12 excited mode is discernible (Figure 8e). Since the incoherent light source generates an approximately

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

Tuning the properties of magnetic thin films by interaction with periodic nanostructures

• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Felix Haering,
• Stefan Nau,
• Carsten Schulze,
• Herbert Schletter,
• Denys Makarov,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Karsten Kuepper,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Johannes Boneberg and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 831–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.93

• , selected samples were investigated by STXM at the PolLux beamline at the Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer-Institute in Villigen, Switzerland. The setup has been presented in detail elsewhere [30]. Percolated Fe films were prepared on commercial Si3N4 membranes (thickness 100 nm) in-line with the

• C7 within the collaborative research center SFB 569 funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). We thank Jörg Raabe for beamtime assistance at the PolLux Beamline at the Swiss Light Source, Paul-Scherrer-Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. PolLux is funded by the BMBF (project no. 05KS7WE1

Revealing thermal effects in the electronic transport through irradiated atomic metal point contacts

• Bastian Kopp,
• Zhiwei Yi,
• Daniel Benner,
• Fang-Qing Xie,
• Christian Obermair,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Paul Leiderer and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 703–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.80

• electrolyte. An Ar/Kr laser with output power of 5 mW and 532 nm wavelength was used as the light source. Laser pulses of 0.1 s length and 0.2 s dark time were produced by a mechanical chopper wheel, and the laser was focused to a spot with diameter of 100 μm by an optical lens. Electron-beam lithography

Junction formation of Cu₃BiS₃ investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy and surface photovoltage measurements

• Fredy Mesa,
• William Chamorro,
• William Vallejo,
• Robert Baier,
• Thomas Dittrich,
• Alexander Grimm,
• Martha C. Lux-Steiner and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 277–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.31

• measurements is much smaller than that found in [7], since the present measurements were performed with modulated light and with a different light source/intensity. On the other hand, the behavior of the phase angle can help to distinguish dominant processes of charge separation and recombination. The peaks in

Variations in the structure and reactivity of thioester functionalized self-assembled monolayers and their use for controlled surface modification

• Inbal Aped,
• Yacov Mazuz and
• Chaim N. Sukenik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 213–220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.24

• were also carried out by using a UV-A (320–400 nm) light source and exposure times of up to 132 h. These experiments are summarized in Figure 5. It is clear that the acetyl group in 1a is not cleaved by the longer wavelength light, even after 132 h. SAMs based on compounds 2 and 3 show some

Impact of cell shape in hierarchically structured plant surfaces on the attachment of male Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)

• Bettina Prüm,
• Robin Seidel,
• Holger Florian Bohn and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 57–64, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.7

• light source (l). Adapted from [8]. Dimensions of structuring of plant surfaces tested (n = 10). Aspect ratio β = width/height of epidermal cell curvature. n/a = not applicable. Plant species selected. In square brackets: Accession number of the Botanical Garden of Freiburg. Acknowledgements We thank

Highly efficient ZnO/Au Schottky barrier dye-sensitized solar cells: Role of gold nanoparticles on the charge-transfer process

• Tanujjal Bora,
• Htet H. Kyaw,
• Soumik Sarkar,
• Samir K. Pal and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 681–690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.73

• DSSC J–V characteristics were performed under 1 sun, AM 1.5 G (air mass 1.5 global, 100 mW/cm2) illumination by using a 150 W small-beam solar simulator (Sciencetech, model SF150) as a light source and a Keithley 617 programmable electrometer as a voltage source. FESEM images showing (a) the top view

Femtosecond time-resolved photodissociation dynamics of methyl halide molecules on ultrathin gold films

• Mihai E. Vaida,
• Robert Tchitnga and
• Thorsten M. Bernhardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 618–627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.65

• , just a small amount of C–I bond cleavage of CH3I at monolayer coverage on Pt(111) was observed after a long period (120 min) of irradiation with a 100 W Hg arc lamp [29]. In the present experiment a much more intense light source, i.e., a fs-laser, was employed. Therefore, in our experiment the

Investigation on structural, thermal, optical and sensing properties of meta-stable hexagonal MoO₃ nanocrystals of one dimensional structure

• Angamuthuraj Chithambararaj and
• Arumugam Chandra Bose

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 585–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.62

• % reflectance), on which a fine-ground powder was pressed. The spectrum was recorded at room temperature in the wavelength range 230–700 nm at a rate of 1 nm/s. Ethanol vapor sensing was performed with a fiber optics sensor arrangement with a white light source (Model SL1, StellarNet Inc., USA with wavelength

Room temperature excitation spectroscopy of single quantum dots

• Christian Blum,
• Frank Schleifenbaum,
• Martijn Stopel,
• Sébastien Peter,
• Marcus Sackrow,
• Vinod Subramaniam and
• Alfred J. Meixner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 516–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.56

• temperature. The required spectrally narrow excitation over a wide spectral range of 100 nm was realized by using a monochromator to select the excitation wavelength from a supercontinuum white light source. The suitability of our approach and its potential were demonstrated by studying single quantum dots

• such as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs, fluorescent proteins and upconversion particles. Experimental We realized an instrument capable of single molecule excitation spectroscopy by combining a high power supercontinuum white light source (Fianium SC-400pp) with a grating spectrometer

Nanoscaled alloy formation from self-assembled elemental Co nanoparticles on top of Pt films

• Luyang Han,
• Ulf Wiedwald,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Kai Fauth,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 473–485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.51

• ). In the preparation of such Pt films, the following PLD conditions were used: An ArF excimer laser (193 nm, pulse duration 20 ns, 10 Hz repetition frequency) served as the light source for hitting the polycrystalline Pt target. The ablated Pt material was collected on 10 × 5 mm2 MgO(100) or STO(100

Plasmonic nanostructures fabricated using nanosphere-lithography, soft-lithography and plasma etching

• Manuel R. Gonçalves,
• Taron Makaryan,
• Fabian Enderle,
• Stefan Wiedemann,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Othmar Marti and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.49

• (Nikon 10×, NA = 0.25) were used. The aperture angle was 15°, which restricts the detection to the zeroth-order diffraction. The illumination light source was a halogen lamp (Ocean Optics) of spectral range between 400 nm and 1000 nm. The microscope has a hot-mirror in the optical path that reflects

Superhydrophobic surfaces of the water bug Notonecta glauca: a model for friction reduction and air retention

• Petra Ditsche-Kuru,
• Erik S. Schneider,
• Jan-Erik Melskotte,
• Martin Brede,
• Alfred Leder and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 137–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.17

• , images of the surface of the elytron were taken with a digital SLR camera (Nikon D80, Japan) at different flow velocities in the channel. Additional illumination was achieved by a Cold-light source KL 1500 LCD (Zeiss, Germany). The dimension of the air film on the surface was subsequently derived from

Schottky junction/ohmic contact behavior of a nanoporous TiO₂ thin film photoanode in contact with redox electrolyte solutions

• Masao Kaneko,
• Hirohito Ueno and
• Junichi Nemoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 127–134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.15

• Denko Co., Ltd., Japan), and Mott–Schottky plots were obtained in combination with a 5020 frequency analyzer (NF Electronic Instruments, Japan) with 100 Hz frequency and AC amplitude of 10 mV. The light source was a 500 W xenon lamp adjusted to irradiate white light in the 3.5 mW·cm−2 UV-A region (1 sun