Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• the genetic engineering serves as an important domain [11]. The copolymer that was used for graft polymerization of MMA onto DEAE–dextran formed a polymer micelle with a hydrophilic–hydrophobic micro-separated domain. The high transformation efficiency of this polymer micelle suggests that it could be

• of melanoma cells. However, at high concentrations, survival is inversely proportional to the PTX concentration. Truly, at high concentrations, PTX will be efficacious, and the promotion of tubulin polymerization by PTX, which is dependent on the PTX concentration, for a negative survival probability

• (Cd) rate (Cd/dt) and tubulin polymerization (p) rate (dp/dt) will assume the following equation, as modified from the Cheng and Prusoff equation [38][39][40]: where, a is a constant value and C1 is a device constant (a > 0, C1 > 0). Michaelis–Menten kinetics The Michaelis–Menten equation assumes an

Characterization of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers and their use in metal–insulator–metal tunnel devices

• Saumya Sharma,
• Mohamad Khawaja,
• Manoj K. Ram,
• D. Yogi Goswami and
• Elias Stefanakos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2240–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.233

• the top contact sputtering. Recently, Langmuir monolayer films of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PDA) were studied as reported in the literature [8][10][11]. A set of experiments were performed regarding the photo-polymerization of PDA monomers using in situ UV light exposure in the LB trough as well as

• controlled using the KSV NIMA LB Trough controller. For polymerization purposes, the monolayers were exposed to 245 nm UV radiation for 15 min using a UV bench lamp [17]. Optical characterization: A Jasco FTIR 4600 was used to perform IR spectroscopy on the PDA film in transmission mode. IR transparent Si

• film compression was studied. Figure 2 shows the pressure–area isotherm of the PDA Langmuir monolayer with and without in situ polymerization in the trough at the air–water interface. The UV-exposed Langmuir monolayer shows a more compressed area for the same volume of PDA solution dispersed in water

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

• with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS), (b) DNA deposition on the cationic particle surface, (c) CdS precipitation, and (d) dissolution of the SiO2 core to form hollow structures. Reprinted with permission from [52]. Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society. Siloxan polymerization on chitosan

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• . Interestingly, the CNO-OH showed distinct fluorescence emission with an emission maximum at 453 nm in aqueous solution, while CNO-Br did not fluoresce. Based on these two CNO derivatives, the authors reported different polymerization reactions, where the CNOs served as macroinitiators. Firstly, CNO-OHs were

• used for a ring opening polymerization with ε-caprolactone in the presence of stannous octoate. In a second approach, CNO-Brs were decorated with polystyrene in an atom transfer radical polymerization reaction. Both polymer-functionalized CNO materials showed a good solubility in common organic

• in the presence of ascorbic acid and uric acid in solution [44]. The concentration of dopamine could be determined in a range between 5 × 10−5 and 4 × 10−3 mol·L−1. They also reported the in situ polymerization of aniline on phenylene amine-terminated CNO derivatives [45]. This polyaniline (PANI

Towards bottom-up nanopatterning of Prussian blue analogues

• Virgile Trannoy,
• Marco Faustini,
• David Grosso,
• Sandra Mazerat,
• François Brisset,
• Alexandre Dazzi and
• Anne Bleuzen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1933–1943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.204

• between hexacyanometalates and hydrated cations of the transition metal series in aqueous solution. The resulting solid exhibits the well-known face centered cubic structure of Prussian blue [9]. The sol–gel process is a method for producing metal oxides from small molecules via inorganic polymerization

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• by sodium hypochlorite and the coating with D-mannose and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) according to earlier reports [20][25]. While coating with D-mannose was performed by the slow addition of D-mannose solution to the γ-Fe2O3 colloid, coating with PDMAAm included solution radical polymerization of N

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• favorably exploited for CNTs precipitation/dispersion cycles. Ortiz-Acevedo et al. obtained a diameter-selective solubilization of SWCNTs by using cyclic peptides containing thiol groups [101]. The oxidation induces polymerization of the peptides which wrap around the nanotube achieving a size-selective

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• caveolin-1. A549 cells expressed clathrin heavy chain and caveolin-1, but no flotillin-1 uptake-related proteins. Our data revealed an impeded uptake of 40 nm polystyrene nanoparticles by J774A.1 macrophages when actin polymerization and clathrin-coated pit formation was blocked. From this result, it is

• inhibited clathrin- as well as caveolin-mediated endocytosis as shown by the lack of intracellular fluorescently labelled transferrin and ctx-b in A549 cells. The actin polymerization inhibitor cytochalasin D prevented particle uptake (d = 1 µm) by J774A.1 cells at a concentration of 4 µM. Uptake of

• high as expected for A549 cells. This could be due to cytochalasin D blocking actin polymerization and hence preventing Trypan blue from entering the cells, although the cells are severely affected by this inhibitor. It was shown that the optimal and desired function of the endocytotic inhibitors was

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• PTFE matrix was prepared through in situ polymerization. It had a conductivity of 0.049 S/cm at room temperature, which resulted in a peak power density of 110 mW/cm2 [163]. The main drawback of direct hydrazine fuel cells is the high toxicity of N2H4 and its derivatives [164]. Less toxic hydrazine

Influence of the PDMS substrate stiffness on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba castellanii

• Sören B. Gutekunst,
• Carsten Grabosch,
• Alexander Kovalev,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Christine Selhuber-Unkel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1393–1398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.152

• , and 40:1 by following the curing procedure given in Trappmann et al. [11]. Afterwards, the mixtures were poured in sterile 6-well plates (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) up to a thickness of approx. 2 mm and degased for 3.5 h. Thermal polymerization was carried out for 21 h at 70 °C followed by a slow

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• etches, which is limited not only by the etching selectivity but also by the reduced mechanical stability of very long and narrow nanowires. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is a plasma etching technique that alternates vertical etching steps (for example by SF6) and polymerization steps (by CF4) [105

• ][106][107][108]. Each polymerization step provides a conformal polymer deposition, meanwhile each etching step that follows is anisotropic. Therefore, the etching step removes the polymer on the bottom of the feature while a passivating polymer layer is preserved (or only partially removed) on the

Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe,
• Elena Fadeeva and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1091–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.122

• Spurr’s low-viscosity resin [68]. The polymerization of the resin took place overnight at 70° C. The resin (Polysciences Inc., Eppelheim, Germany) consists of nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) (61.3%), 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate (ERL 4221) (23.6%), diglycidyl ether of

Characterization and photocatalytic study of tantalum oxide nanoparticles prepared by the hydrolysis of tantalum oxo-ethoxide Ta₈(μ₃-O)₂(μ-O)₈(μ-OEt)₆(OEt)₁₄

• Subia Ambreen,
• N D Pandey,
• Peter Mayer and
• Ashutosh Pandey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.121

• (μ-OEt)6(OEt)14 (1) was obtained by the controlled hydrolysis of tantalum ethoxide Ta(OEt)5 in the presence of ammonia. Compound 1 is considered as the intermediate building block in the sol–gel polymerization of Ta(OEt)5. Further hydrolysis of compound 1 yielded nanoparticles of Ta2O5, which were

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed to study the chemical states of CN and CNS. As shown in the survey spectra in Figure 1e, CN has the typical C1s and N1s signals, which evidence the successful formation of CN through thermal decomposition and polymerization of the

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to aromatic hydrocarbons by using an iron/iron oxide nanocatalyst

• Hongwang Wang,
• Jim Hodgson,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Xiaorong Wu,
• Myles Ikenberry,
• Deryl L. Troyer,
• Donghai Wang,
• Keith L. Hohn and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 760–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.88

• mass spectrum (Supporting Information File 1) with the reference spectrum available from the Wiley collection [59]. C3O2 is metastable and undergoes rapid polymerization at temperatures above 400 °C [60]. It is noteworthy that the formation of polymers at the surface of the catalyst was not observed in

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• studied and used is poly(ε-caprolactone), a linear aliphatic polyester, obtained by ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Poly(ε-caprolactone) was used in several combinations, including click reaction products. Functionalized polyester was obtained, which was further used for grafting β-CD on it

• polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone by using the propargylic alcohol as an initiator. A 10 mL round bottom flask was heated and purged with argon. 5 g (43.806 mmol, 10 Eg) of ε-caprolactone and 608.86 mg of propargylic alcohol was added to the round-bottom flask and heated at 120 °C. When the temperature is

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• new large-area mask for each separate pattern. Such masks are usually prepared by electron-beam lithography. Direct laser writing by two-photon polymerization is a promising approach, since it allows for more flexibility and large areas, as well as for chiral structures [16][17][18]. However, this

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• as defunctionalization, solvent addition and polymerization of the grafted functions. The strength (chemi- vs physisorption) of the bonds between the grafted functional groups and the SWNTs is discussed showing the occurrence of physical adsorption as a consequence of defunctionalization after 15 min

• of reaction under microwaves. Several chemical mechanisms of grafting could be identified, and it was possible to distinguish conditions leading to the desired chemical grafting from those leading to undesired reactions such as physisorption and polymerization. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; covalent

• under microwave heating. Because of the locally high temperatures attained in the microwave reactor, we show that undesired reactions can occur after prolonged reaction times such as the addition of the solvent xylene, partial functional group detachment, and polymerization by adding diazonium to the

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• Young’s modulus (Figure 6B). The Cyt-D inhibits the actin polymerization by binding to the fast growing plus ends of the microfilaments and blocking both the assembly and the disassembly of individual actin monomers from the bound end. It has been reported that the results of its action is a drop of the

Friction behavior of a microstructured polymer surface inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 83–97, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.8

• anhydride (NSA) (61.3%), (2) 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexyl-carboxylate (ERL 4221) (23.6%), (3) diglycidyl ether of polypropyleneglycol (D.E.R. 736) (14.2%), and (4) N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) (0.9%). The polymerization of the resin took place over night at 70 °C. The surface roughness

The role of electron-stimulated desorption in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Thomas W. Hansen,
• Jakob B. Wagner and
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 474–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.56

• of secondary electron emission. According to Madey and Yates, “electron bombardment can promote the desorption of ionic and neutral atomic and molecular species from the surface, can alter the bonding of surface species and can cause polymerization” [17]. While the latter two processes are driving

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• . Recently we introduced a method for the preparation of a porous biocompatible polymer coating on a solid substrate, using in situ free radical polymerization of methacrylate monomers in the presence of porogens [4]. Porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate, HEMA) was shown to

• glass slides was fluorinated with tridecafluoro-(1,1,2,2)-tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane in a vacuumed desiccator. In the next step, the polymerization mixture consisted of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (24 wt %), ethylene dimethacrylate (16 wt %), 1-decanol (12 wt %), cyclohexanol (48 wt %), and 2,2

• . Polymerization was carried out on an OAI Model 30 deep-UV collimated light source (San Jose, CA) fitted with an USHIO 500 W Hg-xenon lamp (Japan). Irradiation intensity was calibrated by using an OAI 360 UV power meter with a 260 nm probe head. Monomers were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Further

Selective surface modification of lithographic silicon oxide nanostructures by organofunctional silanes

• Thomas Baumgärtel,
• Christian von Borczyskowski and
• Harald Graaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 218–226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.22

• (2.6 nm), OTS evidently does not form closed monolayers on the nanostructure (Figure 3A), but rather a vertical or 3D polymerization of OTS has to be assumed (Figure 3B). For much shorter immersion times in the OTS solution (several minutes to a few hours), only a partial and also very nonuniform

• height increase of the LAO structures is observed. Obviously, without any special preparation conditions, the tendency towards a 3D polymerization is much stronger than that for the formation of smooth uniform layers. A vertical polymerization is known for tri- and di-functional silanes, especially

• alkoxysilanes and alkylchlorosilanes [23][32][33] under certain conditions. In order to understand why 3D polymerization is preferred to monolayer formation on the LAO structure under ambient conditions, the reaction mechanism of trichlorosilanes with silica surfaces has to be considered in greater detail. In

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• fibers was solved by Feng et al. who made well-aligned MWCNTs/PANI hybrid materials. The methodology is the following: (i) VA-CNTs are grown on a quartz substrate by catalytic pyrolysis, (ii) the film is immersed in an aniline/HCl solution (0 °C, 12 h), (iii) polymerization on the CNTs surfaces. The

• also mention the work of Raravikar et al. [142] who embedded VA-CNTs into a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with a two-step strategy. The first step is the fabrication of a VA-CNTs array followed by a MMA monomer infiltration while the subsequent step is in situ polymerization. Finally, we

Polymer blend lithography: A versatile method to fabricate nanopatterned self-assembled monolayers

• Cheng Huang,
• Markus Moosmann,
• Jiehong Jin,
• Tobias Heiler,
• Stefan Walheim and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.71

• The dependence of the PS island diameter upon the polymerization degree of PS is shown in Figure 4. It can clearly be seen that the average diameter and the width of the diameter distribution decrease with the reducing molar mass of the polymer. When PS of 9.58 kg/mol is used, the average diameter of