Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• selectivity in DEA and the fact that the cross sections for this process may be significant at 0 eV electron incident energy opens up the attractive possibility to use this process to purposely enhance the cross-linking efficiency and explore the potential of site selectivity in the cross-linking step as a

• , the site selectivity of the DEA process also offers the potential to direct the cross-linking to specific molecular sites for production of functional CNMs. Experimental The 2-halobiphenylthiols were synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed Kumada reaction of the respective 1,2-dihalobenzenes (1-bromo-2

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• ] based on the interaction of laser radiation with noble-metal-doped simple oxides, glasses and polymers, that is capable of forming and manipulating nanoparticles with a high spatial selectivity. Thereby, ion-doped (gold, silver, copper) materials that are transparent in the visible wavelength range (e.g

Functional materials for environmental sensors and energy systems

• Michele Penza,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz,
• Albert Romano-Rodriguez and
• Meyya Meyyappan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2015–2016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.201

• nanomaterials (e.g., nanowires, nanotubes, graphene, metal oxides, carbon nanostructures, large band gap semiconductors, and metals) with new sensing properties (e.g., ppb-level detection, high sensitivity, selectivity) that are self-heating and provide durable operation for low-power devices (tens of μW to

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• doublet−quartet interconversion comes into play. In the latter case, the total spin of the reactants can be equal to zero (singlet), one (triplet) or two (quintet) with only the singlet reaction channel being reactive. This spin selectivity in combination with the magnetic field-dependent interconversion

• -Boltzmann spin polarization which is highly desired by spectroscopists since it enhances the sensitivity of the method. Polarization of electron spins (CIDEP) and nuclear spins (CIDNP) results from spin selectivity of chemical reactions and can be used for sensitive detection of transient radical species

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• deposition/polymerization process on substrates, i.e., the polymer coatings are either deposited or not on substrates because of the chemistry below the substrate surface. The mechanism of the polymer deposition selectivity is not conclusive. The inhibition of polymer deposition is believed to occur because

• deposition of parylene™ N and parylene™ C on these high-energy metal surfaces. The degree of selectivity (there exists an upper limit, where deposition will commence and the relative selectivity is lost) is different for different metal surfaces and correlates with the deposition rate [77]. Based on the

• deposition of a wide range of functionalized poly(p-xylylenes) on high-energy metal surfaces. The study found that the deposition selectivity might have been compromised, and a possible explanation may be that neutralization occurred between the oxygen or nitrogen from the side groups of the functionalized p

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• sensitivity, selectivity, response kinetics and reliability [4]. The design of active materials is essential and it must be the starting point for the control of the functional parameters of the final device. Nonetheless, great attention must be paid to the integration of the active material onto the

• metal oxides exhibit cross-sensitivity to other chemical species too. This lack of selectivity toward specific chemical species is one of the major drawbacks of the conductometric use of metal oxides. However, an array of devices based on different materials, each with its own sensing properties (a so

The integration of graphene into microelectronic devices

• Guenther Ruhl,
• Sebastian Wittmann,
• Matthias Koenig and
• Daniel Neumaier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1056–1064, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.107

• contamination of graphene by following lithography steps. One method utilizes a one-step plasma-etch process with low selectivity to the underlying dielectric substrate to etch the encapsulation/hardmask layer and the underlying graphene simultaneously. An alternative approach applies two consecutive steps to

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• . Finally, the sensing selectivity has been proven by evaluating and comparing the degree of adsorption and the interaction energies for NO2 and NH3 on graphene. The direct-growth approach for the synthesis of graphene opens a promising path towards diverse applicative scenarios, including the

• electrochemical exfoliation can be employed. Each provides a sensing layer with a pronounced specificity towards a particular analyte [3][4][5][6]. However, the issue of selectivity is far away from being solved. A possible solution could be represented by resorting to the design of an array of sensors that can

High photocatalytic activity of Fe₂O₃/TiO₂ nanocomposites prepared by photodeposition for degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

• Shu Chin Lee,
• Hendrik O. Lintang and
• Leny Yuliati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 915–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.93

• (III) oxide (Fe2O3), which is nontoxic, stable, cost effective and found abundantly in the earth. It has been reported that Fe2O3 can be used to increase the photocatalytic activity or selectivity of semiconductor photocatalysts for degradation of organic pollutants [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• ]. Therefore, the chiral selectivity can be related to the nucleation of carbon species on catalytic particles and the different growth rates depending on the chiral angle of nanotubes. In other words, the chirality selective growth of SWCNTs is realized through either thermodynamic control, such as building a

• preferential growth of near-armchair nanotubes. It was shown that chirality selectivity is influenced by the synthesis parameters: gaseous carbon source [106][107], its pressure [108], catalyst composition [111], type of support [106] and synthesis temperature [106][109][110][112][115][117][121][122]. The

• in the nanotube diameters and broadening of the chirality distribution [106][109][110][112][115][117][121][122]. The (6,5) nanotube dominated in the samples synthesized at temperatures around 500–700 °C, whereas such selectivity disappeared at higher temperatures. In [121], a bimetallic CoPt catalyst

Selective detection of Mg²⁺ ions via enhanced fluorescence emission using Au–DNA nanocomposites

• Tanushree Basu,
• Khyati Rana,
• Niranjan Das and
• Bonamali Pal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 762–771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.79

• detection of Mg2+ in a mixture containing Ca2+, Fe2+ and Mg2+. For Ca2+ and Fe2+, no significant change in fluorescence intensity was observed; however, the intensity was increased in the presence of Mg2+. The selectivity towards Mg2+ in the mixture can be attributed to the smaller size of Mg2+, which aids

• , rapidity, selectivity, and reproducibility, the Au–DNA nanocomposite was successfully demonstrated as a sensing system, which holds future promise in investigating the presence of many metal ions in various environmental and industrial monitoring applications. Experimental Materials Cetyltrimethylammonium

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• gas detection. Indeed, gas sensor systems have unique properties such as, easy and low-cost production, low operating temperature, electronic and thermal stability, good sensitivity but poor selectivity in gas detection [4]. In this context, the development of nanostructured materials has contributed

• analytes, reveling mostly a p-type behavior [9][10]. Recently, researches have revealed not only the positive properties of CNT-based gas sensors, but also their weaknesses: weak sensing response with low selectivity and long recovery. These disadvantages are caused by strong interactions between the

• desorption [15]. Beside these promising results, it is already well known that the modification of CNTs with selected materials can improve the sensitivity and selectivity of CNT-based sensors for several harmful gases [16]. The aim of decorating carbon nanotubes with metal nanoparticles (NPs) is to

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• characteristics. In particular, increasing the selectivity of graphene-based gas sensors is crucial for their future implementation. Recently, the improvement of gas sensing characteristics has been demonstrated with resistive type gas sensors based on single-layer graphene modified by a deposited layer of

• oxidation state in vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) – a good oxygen transfer catalyst that is (thermally) stable in air and vacuum [7][8][9][10]. Therefore, we considered vanadium oxide as a promising material for functionalising a graphene sensor in order to increase its selectivity towards reducing pollutant

• , No. 2 and 3). Thus, decoration of graphene with V2O5 lends the sensor some degree of selectivity, and good sensitivity with respect to the reducing pollutant NH3. The introduction of dopants and clusters of atoms into graphene strongly increases the interaction with adsorbing molecules, due to an

Thin SnO_x films for surface plasmon resonance enhanced ellipsometric gas sensing (SPREE)

• Daniel Fischer,
• Andreas Hertwig,
• Uwe Beck,
• Volkmar Lohse,
• Detlef Negendank,
• Martin Kormunda and
• Norbert Esser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 522–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.56

• adsorption on the surface. Conclusion: The gas sensing selectivity can be enhanced by tuning the properties of the thin film overcoating. A relation of the binding sites in the doped and undoped SnOx films and the gas sensing abilities for CO and C3H8 was found. This could open the path for optimized gas

• concepts have their respective properties. Electrochemical sensors are limited to several gas species [2]. The infrared (IR) sensor needs a certain optical path for the IR beam inside the gas volume but shows high sensitivity and selectivity [3]. Pellistors can only measure specific gases due to their

• distinct sharp form of the SPR signal. In another study, we have found that the thickness of the overlayer affects the gas sensing sensitivity but not the selectivity to a specific gas species. By tuning the thickness to a certain limit (depending on the metal oxide system), the ability to measure a lower

Innovations from the “ivory tower”: Wilhelm Barthlott and the paradigm shift in surface science

• Christoph Neinhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 394–402, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.41

• or the scientific community. It allows for creating an “oasis of well-being” to avoid competition, to spend a nice time in a relaxed environment, a picture likely to be used by the public, politicians or business consultants invited to “optimise” structures and processes at universities. Selectivity

• Selectivity is another important feature of borders (Figure 6). There are hardly any impenetrable borders as such. Therefore, a certain amount of exchange will always take place. Selectivity may be related to the exchange of matter, e.g., semipermeable membranes of cells and organelles, to the exchange of

• information regulated by confidentiality agreements, or to the loss of energy minimised by insulating material fixed to a façade. In the relation between university and industry and/or society, selectivity may be represented by the amount of results published or communicated by the scientific community (“I

Comparison of four methods for the biofunctionalization of gold nanorods by the introduction of sulfhydryl groups to antibodies

• Xuefeng Wang,
• Zhong Mei,
• Yanyan Wang and
• Liang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 372–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.39

• , myoglobin, and cardiac troponin I, indicating that these biochips also have high selectivity to ensure specific target detection. Conclusion Direct binding of modified antibodies to GNRs is an attractive process because of its numerous advantages, such as the simplification of the functionalization

Colorimetric gas detection by the varying thickness of a thin film of ultrasmall PTSA-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles on a Si substrate

• Urmas Joost,
• Andris Šutka,
• Meeri Visnapuu,
• Aile Tamm,
• Meeri Lembinen,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Kathriin Utt,
• Krisjanis Smits,
• Ergo Nõmmiste and
• Vambola Kisand

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 229–236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.25

• thickness and the apparent color of the functional TiO2 NP thin films is rapid, and also changes reversibly within seconds of exposure. The sensor exhibits a gradual color change from yellow to green/blue upon exposure, and also a selectivity to different VOCs with the highest response (i.e., the largest

• from 1.87 to 1.81, i.e., also 3% measured at 633 nm. A decrease of the refractive index during swelling is understandable, taking into account the refractive index of ethanol (1.36 at 633 nm). The selectivity to different gases can be achieved by surface functionalization of the nanoparticles, which

• was previously utilized both in localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) devices and porous Bragg stacks [17]. As mentioned before, the NPs in our samples are covered with PTSA. This functional coating ensures selectivity and different responses to different VOCs. Figure 6 shows that the proposed NP

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• various HC gas concentrations in the range of 30–1000 ppm. The Pd-modified ZnO NRs showed a higher selectivity and sensitivity compared to pristine ZnO NRs. The mean sensitivity of Pd-modified ZnO NRs towards the analyzed HCs gases increased with the length of the hydrocarbon chain of the target gas

• molecule. Finally, the evaluation of the selectivity revealed that the presence or the absence of metal nanoparticles on ZnO NRs improves the selectivity in the detection of specific HCs gaseous molecules. Keywords: chemiresistive gas sensor; electrosynthesis; hydrocarbon gas sensor; Pd-modified ZnO; ZnO

• detection were developed [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Among MOx semiconductors, nanostructured ZnO is promising as sensing material in chemiresistive gas sensors, although its use still reveals some drawbacks related to its low selectivity, long response and recovery times, high power

Nanostructured SnO₂–ZnO composite gas sensors for selective detection of carbon monoxide

• Paul Chesler,
• Cristian Hornoiu,
• Susana Mihaiu,
• Cristina Vladut,
• Jose Maria Calderon Moreno,
• Mihai Anastasescu,
• Carmen Moldovan,
• Bogdan Firtat,
• Costin Brasoveanu,
• George Muscalu,
• Ion Stan and
• Mariuca Gartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2045–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.195

• gases is the major drawback when using this type of material, meaning that these sensors are nonselective towards a specific gas. False positives are often generated in this way. Gas selectivity can be achieved using different “sensor tuning” techniques. These include controlling the sensing temperature

• the sol–gel/dip coating method. The sensor cross-response was tested with other hazardous gases, namely methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and propane (C3H8); good selectivity was found towards CO over CH4, C3H8 and CO2, so the sensor may be proposed for further development towards indoor

• be clearly observed that the optimum working temperature for the S2 sensor is 210 °C, and the sensor response at other working temperatures is lower. The second best sensor in terms of CO response is pristine SnO2 (S5), but later in this paper, it will be shown that its selectivity towards CO is low

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• relationship with the concentration of the target miRNA ranging from 1 × 10−3 pM to 1 × 103 pM, and the detection limit was 3 × 10−4 pM. The proposed miRNA-nanobiosensor showed remarkable selectivity, high specificity, agreeable storage stability, and great performance in real sample investigation with no

• biosensing analysis. In addition, the selectivity of this nanobiosensor for miR-106a detection was evaluated and compared in presence and absence of three non-complementary miRNAs as interfering sequences. As Figure 5 shows, under the same conditions DPV responses generated from non-complementary miRNAs via

• agreement. It is worth noting that commonly used miRNA determination techniques such as northern blot and qRT-PCR provide a significantly low detection limit (aM-nM) and excellent selectivity [21]. However, their complex time-consuming procedure along with the need for amplification steps has made them

A dioxaborine cyanine dye as a photoluminescence probe for sensing carbon nanotubes

• Mohammed Al Araimi,
• Petro Lutsyk,
• Anatoly Verbitsky,
• Yuri Piryatinski,
• Mykola Shandura and
• Aleksey Rozhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1991–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.190

• in Table 1. The variations of redshifts for different SWNT chiralities can be explained by a structural matching of the π-electron systems of SWNTs with particular chirality and the developed π-electron system of DOB-719. The different redshifts provide not only sensitivity, but also selectivity of

• SWNT opens a new way to design efficient and tailorable optical probes for not only sensitivity, but also selectivity of the PL detection towards the nanotube diameters. Experimental Sample preparation Synthesis DOB-719 DOB-719 was synthesised as shown in Scheme 1 by the reaction of (2 mmol

Layered composites of PEDOT/PSS/nanoparticles and PEDOT/PSS/phthalocyanines as electron mediators for sensors and biosensors

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• José Antonio De Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1948–1959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.186

• character which is an intrinsic semiconductor) [9][16][17][18]. On the other hand, enzymatic electrochemical biosensors based on phenol oxidases are a good alternative to analyze phenols due to their high sensitivity and selectivity. Tyrosinase oxidizes monophenols and o-diphenols to the corresponding

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• using synchrotron radiation techniques, allowing for chemical selectivity and high photon flux. Indeed, for X-ray diffraction, the atomic scattering factor f is a complex number and can be written as follows: f = f0+ f′(λ) + if″(λ), where f0 ~ Z while f′ and f″ are wavelength-dependent especially around

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• the graphene/SiC-based sensor has been proposed as an indicator of presence of the heavy metals. Since the calculations suggested the strongest charge transfer between Pb and graphene, the proposed sensing platform was characterized by good selectivity towards lead atoms and slight interferences from

• draw conclusions about the selectivity of the graphene-based sensors towards different heavy metals. DFT analysis and computational details An important step is to study the interaction between heavy metals and the graphene surface by DFT calculations. Furthermore, in order to establish the most

• stabilization after adding heavy metals, changed depending on the type of heavy metals. A histogram of the sensitivity of the graphene/SiC structure to different heavy metals is presented in Figure 10. One can see that the selectivity of the graphene/SiC toward Pb atoms is expected to be the highest compared to