A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• correct separation of the species is necessary to observe whether the toxicity is caused by the Ag+ ions, AgNPs, or by both. More details regarding the toxicity of the AgNPs and methods to separate the species are described in the section “Separation of AgNPs from Ag+” [135]. Synthesis of silver

• to confirm the importance to use the concentration in terms of number of particles (i.e., picomolar, pM/mL, or nanomolar, nM/mL) instead of the mass concentration (mg/L). The details of this item will be explained in the subsection “Separation of AgNPs from Ag+”. Identification and quantification of

• ]. Separation of AgNPs from Ag+: The cloud point extraction (CPE) technique was initiated by Goto et al. and it is based on the solubilization capacity and on the cloud point of nonionic surfactants [148]. At the cloud point, the instability observed in the micelles is promoted by the dehydration of the

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• separation of two semicircles in the medium- and high-frequency ranges is clearly visible only for the plots measured after the first and the second cycle, in which the SEI layer starts to form. Moreover, it is important that, before cycling, the slope angle of the inclined line in the low-frequency range

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• parameterized by the zeta potential, ζp. This repulsive double layer force is given by [14]: where d is the particle separation distance, a is the particle radius, T is the temperature of the system, e is the elementary charge, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, and ε0 and εc are vacuum permittivity and fluid

• dielectric constant, respectively. Conversely, the attractive van der Waals force is given by [14]: where the characteristic energy scale is set by the Hamaker constant, A. It is noted that Equation 1 and Equation 2 assume spherical particles of equal radius and a sufficiently small separation distance (a

• properties, determines the preferred interparticle separation distance. Ultimately, this DLVO framework is used to describe the structural evolution of colloidal particle assemblies. Aggregation in one dimension Similar to the analysis by Bejan and Wagstaff [11], we begin by examining the one-dimensional (1D

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• to nearly 200 V and 4.2 μA, respectively, at 2.5 Hz, as shown in Figure 2c-I and 2c-II. Based on Maxwell’s displacement current, with the increasing number of contact/separation cycles during a unit of time, the charge movement rate between electrode and ground is increasing. Therefore, the ISC of

• Information File 6), the S-TENG can light up 235 LEDs by the continuously padding the device in single-electrode contact-separation mode. The S-TENG also can be placed on elbow and knee joints and harvest body motion energy for wearable devices [25]. Sensing applications The S-TENG provides an effective power

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• between the exposure points. Secondly, to characterize the growth, square arrays of 3 × 3 pillars, each pillar grown at a different dwell time, were fabricated. In each array, the pillar separation was 1 µm. Two types of arrays were deposited, one with short dwell times of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• consider now high-resolution imaging analysis. Already within the STM image in Figure 3a, we can notice lobes that differ in their apparent height. The separation between differently bright nearest neighboring lobes, which reaches approximately 0.7 nm, suggests that they originate from the same molecule

• is composed of lobes that are not equally bright. The separation of the neighboring lobes along the dashed white line located at the domain boundary (i.e., across surface reconstruction rows) reaches approximately 0.7 nm, as described above. Close inspection of the island edge at the position marked

• mentioning that the observed structure does not correspond to any known FePc crystal phase. This indicates the influence of the substrate–molecule interactions on the crystal formation in the monolayer. The bulk α-FePc phase is characterized by columns within which the separation between the centers of the

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• contact–separation mode [30][31][32], lateral-sliding mode [33][34][35], single-electrode mode [36][37], and freestanding triboelectric-layer mode [38]. As an advanced and durable energy source, TENGs have shown promising and significant features that are applied to power units in the micro- and nanoscale

• polarization direction, TENGs can have four working modes [87], including vertical contact–separation (CS) mode, in-plane lateral-sliding (LS) mode, single-electrode (SE) mode, and freestanding triboelectric-layer (FT) mode, as shown in Figure 2a. In the vertical CS mode, a stack of two dielectric films is

• ground and taken as the reference electrode. The direction of the induced electric field can be reversely changed during the approximation or separation between the bottom electrode and the upper dielectric materials. The charge exchange will occur between the bottom electrode and ground to balance the

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• adverse effects on lungs and may cause pulmonary edema, which is a condition that results in fluid build-up in the lungs [246]. Besides the exposure risk during the process, an intense separation step should be considered to remove those compounds from the synthesized nanoparticles, thus making the

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• consisting of the CNM substrate as the upper and an indium tin oxide (ITO) as the lower capacitor plate. A sample drop was placed between the two electrodes. For electrostatic experiments (drop was in contact with substrate plate only) the plate separation distance was held constant at 10 mm, while it was

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• WvdW (force FvdW) needed to bring single neutral molecules from infinite to a finite separation r correlates with the inverse of the sixth power of the distance, −C/r6 (−6C/r7) and with the different positive coefficients CKeesom, CDebye, and CLondon. This is valid for the interaction of single

• (with ncAFM smooth inorganic crystalline samples are preferred) or using Fattr instead of Fadh as in the cAFM case. Fadh takes into account the separation between the tip and the sample upon contact, which might be drastically changed due to impurities. We found that surface cleaning, which is common

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• follows the Randless–Ševčík equation, and on the calculation of the effective pinhole area (EPA), as described in detail in our previous work [18][20] and in Supporting Information File 1. For all the voltammograms of Al2O3 films on FTO (Figure 2), the voltammetric peak separation (ΔEpp) normalized to

• identified by significant changes observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− couple (Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1). This redox couple showed a nearly reversible behaviour in the voltammogram of bare FTO. However, the irreversibility (quantified by peak-to-peak separation) became

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• periodic conditions along the circumference. When the closest quantization line misses the K point, a bandgap appears. The bandgap depends on the minimum separation of the circular quantization lines from the Dirac points. The semiconducting gaps are of the order of a few hundred millielectronvolts [9

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• nanostructures are attractive candidates for photocatalysis owing to their tunable physicochemical properties, their interfacial contact effects, and their efficacy in charge-carrier separation. This study reports, for the first time, on the synthesis of mesoporous silica@nickel phyllosilicate/titania (mSiO2

• . Although rattle-type TiO2@void@SiO2 systems could provide high dye adsorption ability, a core–shell architecture (TiO2@SiO2) provides a better separation rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes by restricting the electron–hole recombination through the close interaction of silica with the titania

• separation between the Ni 2p3/2 primary line and the satellite of less than 6 eV, which is smaller than that of nickel oxides [60][61]. The data for the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 suggest a decrease in binding energies (Ni 2p1/2 at 872.6 eV and Ni 2p3/2 at 853 eV), possibly indicative of an interaction with TiO2 and

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• visible-light region (2.1–2.8 eV), high chemical stability, and ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties at room temperature [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, slow electron–hole recombination as a result of efficient separation of the charge carriers has yielded an enhancement of its

• consumption of excited electrons by the electron scavenger AgNO3 and the resulting enhanced separation of electron–hole pairs [60]. Photogenerated electron holes could play an important role in the present reaction, as the addition of the electron-hole scavenger EDTA (2 mM) decreases the degradation

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• –Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al (hν = 2.95 eV and hν = 2.42 eV) do not depend on the polarity of the applied voltage. The presence of two maxima in the photoconductivity spectra of Al–Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al, located at hν = 2.95 eV and hν = 2.42 eV, indicates a probable separation of this sample into multiple phases that

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• (MOTISs) [12] or classical FIBs equipped with mass separation and liquid metal alloy ion sources working with suitable alloys containing light elements [2]. In the past, mostly heavier ions have been used in liquid metal alloy ion sources (LMAISs). A number of applications have been shown, including using

• following, the discussion will focus on the usage of GFISs and LMAISs in FIBs. GFISs are operated with highly purified helium or neon. No additional mass separation is required in the column. In a LMAIS, in contrast, the source material is a complex alloy delivering several ion species simultaneously in a

• the electric field strength of the filter perpendicular to the optical axis of the ion column. l is the filter length, D is the distance between the filter and the separation aperture at the exit of the filter, and d is the diameter of this aperture. As an example for a LMAIS mass spectrum, we show

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• with prefabricated nanostructures can be implemented in different schemes for nanoparticle control and separation in microfluidic systems [34], and as components of actuators or switches in MEMS [35][36]. Considering the future technological potential of the suggested method it is important to

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• layer is to achieve a separation or “decoupling” of the two adjacent layers. Here, the term decoupling refers to the spatial separation of the electronic states of the molecules and those of the underlying metal, which leads to unperturbed molecular properties [4]. A scientifically relevant question is

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• generation and nonlinear electric current processes in the contact caused by scattering of electrons in a nonequilibrium state are spatially separated [30]. The separation of nonlinear electric current phenomena from other interactions allows us to directly observe their energy component as a result of the

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

•  3d. The distances were measured as the centre–centre separation, illustrated by the black line in Figure 3c. In agreement with the visual impression from the overview images in Figure 1b and Figure 1c, a preference for a centre–centre distance of about 1.5 nm is found for the CaF2/CaF1/Si(111) areas

• states are here separated by about 0.1 eV and found in different order (in agreement with a previous study [10], a smaller LUMO+1/LUMO+2 energetic separation was calculated for the gas-phase molecule). The dominant contribution of the orbitals to the data shown in Figure 2 is deferred from the orbital

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Texas A & M University-Kingsville, TX 78363, USA 10.3762/bjnano.11.143 Abstract The oxidation of Au/Ag alloy thin films using radio-frequency oxygen plasma was studied in this work. It was demonstrated that there is a phase separation occurring between

• gold/silver oxide nanostructures [20]. Starting from Au/Ag alloy nanospheres, they showed that gold/silver oxide core/shell nanospheres with a hollow interior could be obtained after oxidation using atomic oxygen. In this study we further explored the oxidation and phase separation events observed by

• Lewis et al. [20]. However, instead of using nanostructures as before, we used Au/Ag alloy thin films deposited by co-sputtering as the model system to study the oxidation process triggered by radio-frequency oxygen plasma (Figure 1). The oxidation and phase separation processes resulted in the

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• shown in Figure 2. The application and release of a stepping force during walking induces a periodical change between contact and separation the PTFE films and the undulated copper foils. This leads to the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity, as sketched in Figure 2. To quantitatively

• proportional to the pedestrian weight. This is because a more intense impact force causes a larger deformation of the undulated electrode, which contributes to larger separation (d) and thus a stronger output voltage. To quantitatively study the dependence of the electric output on the force, the output

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• relaxed bulk Cu, in agreement with reference studies [50][51]. We construct the four-layer Cu slab by fixing the two bottom layers to their optimal layer separation (d34 = 2.097 Å, corresponding to bulk Cu). The two top layers are then relaxed, which results in a reduced layer separation (d12 = 2.076 Å

• approximation of a single molecule on the surface, with an average lateral separation of 10 Å between the periodic images of camphor and 50 Å separation between the periodic Cu(111) slabs. The adsorption energy Eads is calculated as in which Etot is the total energy of the camphor/Cu(111) system, ECu is the

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• parameter (eEEEC) for all SPNPs. This particle-dependent parameter can allow for the design of various separation and purification processes. These results show how promising the insulator-based EK microdevices are for the analysis and purification of clinically relevant SPNPs. Keywords: anisotropy

• combination of electrophoresis (EP), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and EO flow effects [22], allowing for additional parameters to fine-tune a separation process. Particle characterization and manipulation with EK techniques offer the potential for developing novel separation schemes for the sorting and enrichment

• separation experiments. The unique particle-dependent parameter EEEC can predict the required particle trapping voltage in any insulator-based EK device. A modified version of the EEEC, called empirical EEEC (eEEEC) can be obtained with a less labor-intensive procedure by employing devices with insulating

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• = z0 + zc + z1 + z2, where z0 and zc are the average tip deflection and the average tip–surface separation, respectively. Depending on the value of d, tip–sample force interactions are modeled as: Here h0 represents the intermolecular distance (0.165 nm), Hair is the Hamaker’s constant between tip and