Development of a novel nanoindentation technique by utilizing a dual-probe AFM system

• Eyup Cinar,
• Ferat Sahin and
• Dalia Yablon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2015–2027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.205

• . Therefore, stiffness can be approximated with the slope of unloading curve as shown in Figure 1a. If the unloading curve is fit to a power law such as F = α(h − hf)m where α and m are power-law fitting constants then the unloading stiffness S can be approximated as in Equation 1 by the slope of the fitting

• force curve such as that in Figure 1a is obtained, one can calculate elastic unloading stiffness through Equation 2 defined as the slope of the upper part on the unloading curve as shown in Figure 1a: where Eeff is effective elastic modulus including both the elastic modulus of the indenter (E1) and of

• calculate the stiffness parameter S from the slope of the unloading part and use Equation 2 and Equation 3 to extract the unknown elastic modulus of the sample (E2). In the next section we introduce an overview of the proposed system and its components in detail. We also present the calibration data and the

A simple method for the determination of qPlus sensor spring constants

• John Melcher,
• Julian Stirling and
• Gordon A. Shaw

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1733–1742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.177

• System of Units (SI) [19][21][37], measures a force vs displacement curve by pressing a sharp indenter tip into the qPlus sensor surface at a known axial distance from the distal edge of the tine. From the indentation curve, a stiffness kI is inferred, taking care to remove the machine compliance and

• were acquired along the axis of the tine and additionally at the base of the sensor in order to remove the contact stiffness and machine compliance from the spring constant prediction. To avoid interference with the indenter tip, tips were not attached to the tine. Figure 7 shows the indentation

• (less than 3%) in stiffness by testing at a lateral offset from the beam axis. Finally, we note that for sufficiently long tips, the compliance of the tip contributes to the parasitic tip motion [32][33]. This, in turn, influences the spring constant and force spectroscopy results presented here. To

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• bending stiffness of the cantilever was calculated according to the beam geometry method [16] and was found to be kn = 46 N/m. The sensitivity of the photo-diode was calibrated in the non-contact mode of AFM, following the method proposed in [17] and considering a conversion factor of for the vibration

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• of the outerleaflets of the membranes of adjacent cells. They are responsible to maintain the integrity of the cell layer, which is likely to be associated with the cell mechanics such as high cell stiffness and reduced cell elasticity at the cell periphery. In contrast, once enterocytes are

Nanomechanical humidity detection through porous alumina cantilevers

• Olga Boytsova,
• Alexey Klimenko,
• Vasiliy Lebedev,
• Alexey Lukashin and
• Andrey Eliseev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1332–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.137

• substances through micromechanical sensing still holds a tremendous potential [4][5][6][7][8]. To improve the shifts of the resonant frequency one needs to enlarge the active surface area of the sensor while preserving its mechanical stiffness. This necessitates the use of the porous systems with “open

• array. Experimentally we established the excitation of mechanical vibrations perpendicular to the cantilever surface as torsion. The thickness of cantilever arrays influences on stiffness and may also cause an increasing in resonance frequency: from 500 kHz for 2 μm thick cantilevers to 670 kHz for 30

Automatic morphological characterization of nanobubbles with a novel image segmentation method and its application in the study of nanobubble coalescence

• Yuliang Wang,
• Huimin Wang,
• Shusheng Bi and
• Bin Guo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 952–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.98

• (MultiMode III, Digital Instruments) operating in tapping mode was used for imaging the sample. A silicon rotated force-modulated etched silicon probe (RFESP, Bruker Corporation) cantilever with a tip radius of 8 nm and a stiffness of 3 N/m was used. A modified tip holder was used for tapping mode atomic

Graphene on SiC(0001) inspected by dynamic atomic force microscopy at room temperature

• Mykola Telychko,
• Jan Berger,
• Zsolt Majzik,
• Pavel Jelínek and
• Martin Švec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 901–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.93

• custom-built quartz-tuning fork sensor was used for the measurements. It had a main resonance frequency of 51294 Hz, a quality factor above 1000 and an estimated stiffness of ≈3800 N·m−1 [22]. The contact to the tungsten tip was made of a thin golden wire in order to avoid crosstalk with the deflection

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• Jana Vlachova Rebekka Konig Diethelm Johannsmann Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.87 Abstract The stiffness of micron-sized sphere–plate contacts was studied by employing high

• results from experiments undertaken in the dry state and in water are compared. Building on the shifts in the resonance frequency and resonance bandwidth, the instrument determines the real and the imaginary part of the contact stiffness, where the imaginary part quantifies dissipative processes. The

• method is closely analogous to related procedures in AFM-based metrology. The real part of the contact stiffness as a function of normal load can be fitted with the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) model. The contact stiffness was found to increase in the presence of liquid water. This finding is

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• below the figure) characterizes the effective lateral stiffness of the surface–tip contact. In our case it is 10 N/m and therefore much smaller than the lateral stiffness of the cantilever (190 N/m). The somewhat rounded shape might be due to a not completely commensurable tip–substrate contact [32

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• . Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität, Friedrich Hund Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.6.79 Abstract The distribution of elastic stiffness and damping of individual phases in an α + β titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) measured by using atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is reported

• in the present study. The real and imaginary parts of the contact stiffness k* are obtained from the contact-resonance spectra and by using these two quantities, the maps of local elastic stiffness and the damping factor are derived. The evaluation of the data is based on the mass distribution of the

• micrometer resolution. An improved UAFM technique was used for mapping the resonance frequency and the quality factor, Q, in carbon reinforced plastics composites [7]. In recent years, AFAM has been extensively used to determine elastic stiffness or damping properties in nano-crystalline nickel [2], PMMA

Manipulation of magnetic vortex parameters in disk-on-disk nanostructures with various geometry

• Maxim E. Stebliy,
• Alexander G. Kolesnikov,
• Alexey V. Ognev,
• Alexander S. Samardak and
• Ludmila A. Chebotkevich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 697–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.70

• by using OOMMF software [9] with standard parameters for Py: Ms = 860 Gs, exchange stiffness A = 1.38 · 106 erg/cm, damping factor α = 0.05 [11]. The magnetic anisotropy was chosen zero in order not to insert an asymmetry of magnetic properties into the system. Dimension of the simulated disk-on-disk

Mandibular gnathobases of marine planktonic copepods – feeding tools with complex micro- and nanoscale composite architectures

• Jan Michels and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 674–685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.68

• silica very likely increases the hardness and stiffness of the gnathobase teeth and therefore has a similar effect as zinc and manganese have in insect mandibles. Mandibular gnathobases, diatom frustules and the evolutionary arms race In addition to the presence of mechanically stable silica-containing

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

• . Carbon chains could thus be considered as the stiffest known material. This is supported by the specific stiffness, which for carbyne is predicted to be 109 Nm/kg [19], clearly larger than for graphene (4.5 × 108 Nm/kg [56]) or diamond (3.5 × 108 Nm/kg [57]). The ultimate tensile strength corresponds to

• an ultimate strain of the order of 15% (graphene can be strained up to 20%). Liu et al. have also calculated a bending stiffness K= 3.56 eV·Å. This can be related to a persistence length lp = K/kBT = 14 nm (corresponding to a chain of 110 atoms) at T = 300 K which is comparable to many polymers

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• to cumulenes, it has to be observed by Liu et al. that finite cumulenes have a well-defined torsional stiffness. Therefore, the relative twisting vibrations of the CH2 end groups should be considered as potential Raman signals useful for the characterization of these systems, given that their

A scanning probe microscope for magnetoresistive cantilevers utilizing a nested scanner design for large-area scans

• Tobias Meier,
• Alexander Förste,
• Ali Tavassolizadeh,
• Karsten Rott,
• Dirk Meyners,
• Roland Gröger,
• Günter Reiss,
• Eckhard Quandt,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 451–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.46

• direct drive, approximately 1 m of piezo ceramic per axis would be required. Such large piezo stacks, however, are neither commercially available nor mechanically stable enough for such a large-area scan stage. However, this design has a reduced mechanical stiffness and resonance frequency. The reduced

• x–y piezo stage and a dedicated z-piezo for a short response time. Additionally, the x–y stage must only move in the x–y plane without any cross-talk to the z-axis. This is reached by flexure joints. However, as the stiffness of a lever amplified system is reduced quite significantly, the initial

• stiffness of the flexure stage has to be quite high. A custom-built scanning stage fulfilling those requirements was therefore developed specifically for this application. Because of the stiff flexure joints, each axis of the stage is equipped with two piezos in parallel movement to increase their pushing

Influence of spurious resonances on the interaction force in dynamic AFM

• Luca Costa and
• Mario S. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 420–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.42

• as calibration method [17][18][19] compared to the standard characterization of the cantilever transfer function. Results and Discussion Interaction stiffness and damping In this section we review two general formulas for the interaction stiffness ki and damping γi without using the assumption that

• the whole system has a specific transfer function, and assuming only that all the forces involved are additive. However, one should note that if we talk of the interaction stiffness, ki, this contains the implicit assumption that the interaction force, Fi, in the vicinity of the tip oscillation can be

Dynamic force microscopy simulator (dForce): A tool for planning and understanding tapping and bimodal AFM experiments

• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Pablo D. Garcia and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 369–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.36

• Rt and Rs are the tip and the sample radius, respectively. Bottom effect cone correction (BECC) This model was recently introduced by Gavara and Chadwick to suppress the influence of the stiffness of the substrate on the stiffness measured by AFM on very soft and thin materials deposited on them [50

Oxygen-plasma-modified biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds for enhanced compatibility of cardiovascular implants

• Anna Maria Pappa,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Silke Krol,
• Spyros Kassavetis,
• Dimitris Konstantinou,
• Charalampos Pitsalidis,
• Lazaros Tzounis,
• Nikos Pliatsikas and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 254–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.24

• . Mechanical characterization Nanoindentation: Dynamic nanoindentation testing (continuous stiffness measurements, Nanoindenter XP) was carried out. A Berkovich type diamond nanoindenter with nominal tip roundness of ca. 50 nm was used to test the samples. Several nanoindents were made to different surface

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• CTAB coated rods suggesting an increase in acoustic load corresponding to a larger stiffness (storage modulus). Keywords: atomic force microscopy; CTAB; gold nanorods; membrane tension; MDCK II cells; QCM; Introduction The interest in gold nanoparticles (NP) for biomedical applications in the field

• of cells mirror the environment such as substrate properties including topography and stiffness [16][17][18]. Besides, also chemical cues can produce substantial changes in membrane or cytoskeletal mechanics and dynamics providing an excellent means to assess the impact of external stimuli such as

• concentrations are already toxic and the cells start disintegrating, while smaller concentrations (0.5 μg/mL) show a reduced cell stiffness (E = 1 kPa). In contrast, if PEGylated gold nanrods are added to the confluent cell monolayer, the mechanical response of the cells is negligible compared to the control

Multifunctional layered magnetic composites

• Maria Siglreitmeier,
• Baohu Wu,
• Tina Kollmann,
• Martin Neubauer,
• Gergely Nagy,
• Dietmar Schwahn,
• Vitaliy Pipich,
• Damien Faivre,
• Dirk Zahn,
• Andreas Fery and
• Helmut Cölfen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 134–148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.13

• certain increase in the stiffness of the composite material. Keywords: bio-inspired mineralization; biomineralization; chitin; ferrogel; hybrid materials; magnetite; nacre; Introduction Biominerals, which are organic–inorganic hybrids and highly sophisticated materials with optimal assimilated

• ., the stiffness or mechanical resistance of the gels is enhanced. This increase can be explained by the strengthening of the gelatin network by the rigid nanoparticles. These have been shown to interact with the amide bonds along the gelatin backbone [48] and might give rise to additional crosslinking

• . As a consequence, the flexibility of the gelatin chains is reduced resulting in the observed stiffness increase and the decreased swelling. Regarding the chitin scaffolds we notice a stiffening effect as well (Figure 13). Introducing the ferrogel reinforces the framework and gives the composite

The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness

• Daniel Gandyra,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Stanislav Gorb,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 11–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.2

• cantilevers, reproducing the spring constants calibrated using other methods. Keywords: adhesion; AFM cantilever; air layer; capillary forces; hairs; measurement; micromechanical systems; microstructures; Salvinia effect; Salvinia molesta; sensors; stiffness; superhydrophobic surfaces; Introduction Surface

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• . Mechanical aspects of such a colloid–membrane interaction are treated by several theoretical models. A simple, purely mechanical picture of such an interaction involves at least three mechanical parameters: the adhesion energy per unit area gad, the bending stiffness of the membrane κ and its surface tension

• analyze the competition between membrane bending stiffness and particle–membrane adhesion and deduce a critical radius rcrit [18]. A spherical adhering particle will only be engulfed by the membrane if its radius r fulfills the condition Typical values are κ = 10−19 J for fluid membranes [19] and gad = 1

• mJ/m2 (see below). This results in rcrit = 14 nm. Hence, the bending stiffness of the membrane should be considered for particles in the nano-regime. As soon as the membrane under observation exhibits a finite surface tension, its area compressibility modulus gten has to be considered as well, since

High-frequency multimodal atomic force microscopy

• Adrian P. Nievergelt,
• Jonathan D. Adams,
• Pascal D. Odermatt and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.255

• in water [40]. One issue of note is that higher eigenmodes have an inherently higher dynamic stiffness that can be up to two orders of magnitude larger than the fundamental mode. This can be problematic for softer samples, as the power dissipated into the sample increases linearly with the spring

Nanometer-resolved mechanical properties around GaN crystal surface steps

• Jörg Buchwald,
• Marina Sarmanova,
• Bernd Rauschenbach and
• Stefan G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2164–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.225

• a FEM model (Figure 5) in which surface stresses were omitted. The indentation modulus was calculated by evaluating the contact stiffness S = dF/du of the stationary solution. The flatpunch indenter was modeled by a cylinder of hard material with a contact area A2 and a force of |F|= −Fz = 30 nN as

• to measure any change. Obviously, the radius of the tip was too large to observe any stress dependence in the indentation modulus. One way to solve this problem is through the use of custom-designed probes with much higher stiffness in order to reduce contact area, making it possible to obtain more

Modeling viscoelasticity through spring–dashpot models in intermittent-contact atomic force microscopy

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2149–2163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.224

• significant advantage of these models over the linear models discussed in previous sections is that they take into account the effect of a varying contact area on the stiffness and dissipative coefficient of the tip–sample interaction. As an initial attempt to blend the advantages of the linear spring–dashpot

• increases as the tip goes deeper into the sample. The above is mathematically represented with a nonlinear spring whose stiffness depends on the position of the tip and the contact area [32]. A typical FD curve for this model is shown in Figure 5b, in which the nonlinear behavior of the contact region is

• along one fundamental oscillation. The tip was oscillated along a numerically simulated trajectory (not prescribed) for tapping mode AFM. The parameters used for (c) are: cantilever position zc = 80 nm, natural frequency (f0) = 75 kHz, free amplitude (A01) = 100 nm, cantilever stiffness (km1) = 4 N/m