Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• suitable solvent. There are two types of sonication devices: (1) ultrasonic bath (bath sonication), and (2) ultrasonic probe/horn (tip sonication). A combination of sonication and manual stirring can be used to disperse fillers in the polymer matrix as shown in Figure 5. Sonication may result in a

Large-scale fabrication of achiral plasmonic metamaterials with giant chiroptical response

• Morten Slyngborg,
• Yao-Chung Tsao and
• Peter Fojan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 914–925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.83

• -etching system. Al foils (99.98%, Advent Research Materials Ltd. AL103310) were used as substrates after cleaning in an ultrasonic bath with a sequence of acetone, deionized water and methanol for 1 min each. In total three types of molds were prepared with different interpore distances: 300, 430 and 600

Characterization of spherical domains at the polystyrene thin film–water interface

• Khurshid Ahmad,
• Xuezeng Zhao,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Danish Hussain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.51

• preparation Polystyrene thin films were spin-coated onto silicon dioxide wafers. Prior to spin coated, the silicon dioxide wafers were cleaned using piranha solution of 3:1 (v/v) sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide for 30 min [8]. The wafers were further cleaned with acetone, ethanol and DI water in an ultrasonic

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• appropriate volume of DPPTE stock solution in order to obtain the desired weight ratio of carbon nanotubes to thiolipid. Prior to the deposition at the air–water interface, the mixed solutions were sonicated in the ultrasonic bath (Emag, Germany) for approximately 30 min to ensure carbon nanotubes dispersion

High-bandwidth multimode self-sensing in bimodal atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert and
• S. O. Reza Moheimani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 284–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.26

• . To circumvent this problem, integrated actuation such as magnetic [4], photothermal [5], resistive thermal [6], ultrasonic [7] or through a piezoelectric layer [8] have been employed. Among the sensing techniques to detect the cantilever oscillations, the optical beam deflection (OBD) method [9

Characterisation of thin films of graphene–surfactant composites produced through a novel semi-automated method

• Nik J. Walch,
• Alexei Nabok,
• Frank Davis and
• Séamus P. J. Higson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 209–219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.19

• graphite is placed into the reactor (E). The graphite is kept in suspension throughout the procedure using a magnetic stirrer (G). The ultrasonic probe (D), operating at a power of 50 W, penetrates approximately 1 cm into the graphite suspension. The surfactant solution (A) is pumped into the reactor via a

• synthesis, as the tip of the ultrasonic probe can reach temperatures of up to 100 °C during continuous operation. The heat sink is stirred continuously, also using the magnetic stirrer (G), to maximise cooling efficiency. A sampling loop (H) continuously cycles the liquid contents of the reactor through a

• apparatus used to synthesis graphene. (A) surfactant solution, (B) peristaltic pump, (C) heat, (D) ultrasonic probe, (E) reactor, (F) water, (G) magnetic stirring unit, (H) sampling loop, and (I) photometric flow cell. Effect of the initial graphite suspension concentration in water on the final graphene

Simultaneous cancer control and diagnosis with magnetic nanohybrid materials

• Reza Saadat and
• Franz Renz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 121–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.14

• direction. The accruing free space inside the cave structure could be used to intercalate desirable pharmaceuticals (Figure 2). To reach a mutual conjunction we used silanized and amino-functionalized MNP (1), which were dispersed for 4 h in an ultrasonic bath at 80 °C in acetonitrile with Cl-bzimpy. The

• and 4-DMAP in dimethylformamide for 24 h at 80 °C in an ultrasonic bath. DLS measurements showed that the complex was successfully linked to the MNP while the MNP were not linked to each other. An enlargement of the hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 67 nm compared to the unsubstituted MNP was observed

Charge injection and transport properties of an organic light-emitting diode

• Peter Juhasz,
• Juraj Nevrela,
• Michal Micjan,
• Miroslav Novota,
• Jan Uhrik,
• Lubica Stuchlikova,
• Jan Jakabovic,
• Ladislav Harmatha and
• Martin Weis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 47–52, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.5

• transport properties of OLED devices has been done on the organic double-layer sandwiched between two electrodes ITO/α-NPD/Alq3/Al. The devices were grown on glass slides precoated with ITO with sheet resistance lower than 10 Ω/sq. The substrates were cleaned sequentially in ultrasonic bath by isopropanol

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• chloroform by using an ultrasonic bath. The washing procedure was repeated at least three times in order to ensure the complete removal of the reagents. The suspensions of AgNCs thus obtained were stored in centrifuge tubes at −20 °C. Transmission electron microscopy measurements. TEM micrographs of the

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• . In the latter case commercial NPs are introduced in the solvent and the ultrasonic waves are employed to “throw” them as “stones” and immobilize them onto the substrate [10]. For both methods very homogeneous coating on the substrate surface is achieved irrespective of the nature of the substrate. On

• the dye, ii) a stable sonochemical coloration of cotton fabric was achieved in spite of the rich literature on the use of ultrasonic waves for bleaching color from textiles [21][22][23][24]. Experimental Water-based synthesis of metal oxide (MO) NPs and their simultaneous coating with a dye on cotton

Impact of ultrasonic dispersion on the photocatalytic activity of titania aggregates

• Hoai Nga Le,
• Frank Babick,
• Klaus Kühn,
• Minh Tan Nguyen,
• Michael Stintz and
• Gianaurelio Cuniberti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2423–2430, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.250

• path of the molecules to be treated. This paper investigates the effect of aggregate size on the photocatalytic activity of pyrogenic titania (Aeroxide® P25, Evonik), which is widely used in fundamental photocatalysis research. Well-defined and reproducible aggregate sizes were achieved by ultrasonic

• significant obscuration. Keywords: AOPs; reaction rate constant; turbidity; ultrasonic energy; wastewater treatment; Introduction Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) form a group of modern chemical technologies that rely on the generation of radical species and are considered to have high prospects for the

• experimental setup, which defines the process parameters. In addition, ultrasonic dispersion was used to disintegrate the P25 nano-photocatalyst as well as vary the size. The photocatalytic activity was examined by the discoloration of MB under UV irradiation. Experimental Materials All experiments were

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

Surfactant-controlled composition and crystal structure of manganese(II) sulfide nanocrystals prepared by solvothermal synthesis

• Elena Capetti,
• Anna M. Ferretti,
• Vladimiro Dal Santo and
• Alessandro Ponti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2319–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.238

• centrifugation (three times). The precipitate was finally dispersed in hexane (5–10 mL) by sonication (ultrasonic bath, 1 h, RT). The obtained NC dispersions are stable for several months. Several variants of this procedure were carried out by changing: the manganese precursor (manganese distearate (MnSt2) or

Nanoscale rippling on polymer surfaces induced by AFM manipulation

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Franco Dinelli and
• Pasqualantonio Pingue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2278–2289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.234

• issue in the past it has been suggested, where applicable, to apply an out-of-plane ultrasonic vibration to the sample in order to avoid the plastic deformation of polymeric surfaces [61]. The basic idea is to break the contact while scanning the tip before the mounds form and the lateral force builds

Electrochemical behavior of polypyrrol/AuNP composites deposited by different electrochemical methods: sensing properties towards catechol

• Celia García-Hernández,
• Cristina García-Cabezón,
• Cristina Medina-Plaza,
• Fernando Martín-Pedrosa,
• Yolanda Blanco,
• José Antonio de Saja and
• María Luz Rodríguez-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2052–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.209

• alumina suspension using a microcloth polishing pad and rinsed with deionized water in an ultrasonic bath. Electropolymerization of Ppy films The Ppy films were obtained by electropolymerization from a solution containing 0.1 mol/L pyrrole and 0.05 mol/L 1-decanesulfonic acid (DSA) using two

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• nanoparticles size measurements, especially in magnetic samples, has been previously reported and could be due to the high tendency of the nanoparticles to aggregate [43][44]. To attempt to overcome this problem, ultrasonic agitation was applied for about 10 min before the measurements. Nevertheless, it seems

Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid

• Ziren Yan,
• Ying Wu and
• Junwei Di

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140

• calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode. Prior to deposition, the glasses were cleaned using dilute NH3·H2O, ethanol, and water for 10 min sequentially in an ultrasonic bath. Then the ITO strip was put into 0.2 mM AgNO3 and 0.1 M KNO3 and the Ag nanoseeds were deposited on the ITO surface by a

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• prepared by this method using 1% w/w of coumarin-6 (C6). 200 μL of an aqueous solution of 1% w/v Pluronic®F127 was added dropwise to the organic phase. Then, the solution was vortexed and emulsified by sonication at an ultrasonic frequency of 45 kHz. The emulsion was subsequently poured into 2.5 mL of 0.1

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• supercritical carbon dioxide [23][24], ultrasonic treatment [25][26] or H2 plasma treatment [27], for instance. Glucose sensors based on PtRu/MWNT have been elaborated as well [28]. These studies on Ru–Pt/MWNT materials give at best global EDX analyses [10][11][17] and XPS results [15]. However, these are both

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• -dimethylformamide, ultrasonically stirred for 20 min at room temperature (200 W Ultrasonic Bath, Selecta S.A., Spain), and subsequently airbrushed (JB1113N automatic dispenser and nozzle, Fisnar, Inc., USA) onto Au comb electrodes (electrode gap was 500 μm) screen-printed on alumina substrates. The resistance of

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• .) spectrometer (130 eV energy resolution, 1 nm spatial resolution). To perform the measurements, the core–shell nanopowders were diluted in ethanol, subjected to ultrasonic dispersion, and precipitated onto a carbon film fixed to a copper grid. TEM micrograph of the Cu@silica nanoparticles. a) Overview, b

Stiffness of sphere–plate contacts at MHz frequencies: dependence on normal load, oscillation amplitude, and ambient medium

• Jana Vlachová,
• Rebekka König and
• Diethelm Johannsmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.87

• far, the discussion has been concerned with linear contact mechanics. The experiment is easy and there are few other techniques that give access to the same data (mostly the AFM and ultrasonic reflectometry). Importantly, the QCM also accesses the (weakly) nonlinear regime and it does so rather easily

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

• Florian Waltz,
• Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
• Andreas M. Schneider,
• Stefanie Eiden and
• Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

• were taken out of the screw cap bottle, rinsed with water, carefully washed with ethanol in an ultrasonic bath, and dried at 60 °C. Third step: second CBD. The second CBD step was performed according to the reaction conditions reported by Baxter and Schmuttenmaer [48]. 2.97 g of zinc dinitrate

• arranged by a Teflon holder. The reaction was initiated by heating the screw cap bottle rapidly to 85 °C under gentle stirring. After one hour, the glass slides were removed from the screw cap bottle, rinsed with water, carefully washed with ethanol in an ultrasonic bath, and dried at 60 °C

Mapping of elasticity and damping in an α + β titanium alloy through atomic force acoustic microscopy

• M. Kalyan Phani,
• Anish Kumar,
• T. Jayakumar,
• Walter Arnold and
• Konrad Samwer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 767–776, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.79

• one of the heat-treated samples. The volume fractions of the phases and the modulus measured through AFAM are used to derive average modulus of the bulk sample which is correlated with the bulk elastic properties obtained by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The average modulus of the specimens

• estimated by AFAM technique is found to be within 5% of that obtained by ultrasonic velocity measurements. The effect of heat treatments on the ultrasonic attenuation in the bulk sample could also be understood based on the damping measurements on individual phases using AFAM. Keywords: atomic force

• microscopy (AFM) techniques, such as ultrasonic atomic force microscopy (UAFM) [3], and atomic force acoustic microscopy [4] have emerged for the characterization of elastic properties of materials with nanometer resolution. UAFM and AFAM work with a similar principle and only vary in the excitation of the

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

• Thomas M. Schmidt,
• Maj Frederiksen,
• Vladimir Bochenkov and
• Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

• sequential ultrasonic agitation for 10 min in acetone, ethanol and deionized water followed by drying under N2 flow. Just before fabrication the surface was cleaned from any residual organic contaminated by a 20 min UV/ozone treatment in a purpose built machine with the sample placed ≈10 mm from a 100 W