Sustainable fabrication of 2D-based devices through reuse of substrates with microfabricated electrodes

• Ying Zhang,
• Yigit Sozen,
• Esteban Zamora-Amo,
• Thomas Pucher,
• Nuria Jiménez-Arévalo,
• Zdenek Sofer,
• Yong Xie and
• Andres Castellanos-Gomez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 818–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.58

• . Keywords: 2D device fabrication; microfabricated electrode; N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; substrate reuse; ultrasonic cleaning; Introduction Nanoscience research often needs the fabrication of proof-of-concept devices to demonstrate applications of novel nanomaterials or to study their fundamental properties [1