Evolution of microstructure and related optical properties of ZnO grown by atomic layer deposition

• Adib Abou Chaaya,
• Roman Viter,
• Mikhael Bechelany,
• Zanda Alute,
• Donats Erts,
• Anastasiya Zalesskaya,
• Kristaps Kovalevskis,
• Vincent Rouessac,
• Valentyn Smyntyna and
• Philippe Miele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 690–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.78

• obtained from the Korean MEMC company, ITO substrates from Sigma Aldrich, and glass substrates from RS (France) were used to prepare the samples for this study. In order to remove organic contaminants the substrates were pre-cleaned in acetone, ethanol and de-ionized water for 5 min. A tailored ALD reactor

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• to energy levels of three different electron-accepting fullerene derivatives used in the various experiments. Solar cell devices were fabricated by spin-coating the DCV5T-Bu4:PCBM blend from hot solutions at 80 °C on ITO|PEDOT:PSS-coated substrates, which were heated to 90 °C. Subsequently 1 nm LiF

• using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were prepared in the same way as the photoactive layers for the solar cell devices; by spin-coating the DCV5T-Bu4:PCBM blends from hot solutions at 80 °C on ITO|PEDOT:PSS-coated substrates heated to 90 °C. Figure 6 depicts the phase images of DCV5T-Bu4

• devices made using DCV5T-Bu4 in combination with PC61BM (CB, CB:CN) or PC71BM (ODCB). Device structure: ITO|PEDOT:PSS|DCV5T-Bu4:PCBM|LiF|Al. AFM phase images of samples spin-coated on ITO|PEDOT:PSS| with (a) DCV5T-Bu4:PC61BM from CB, (b) DCV5T-Bu4:PC61BM from CB:CN (0.375%), and (c) DCV5T-Bu4:PC71BM from

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• the range of 2 to 5 kV, applied between the pencil core and the transparent anode. The anode was constructed of a glass plate with a conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) layer and covered by a CL phosphor. The bright spots in Figure 1B indicate the impingement of emitted electrons with the CL anode and

• used for the lamp manufacturing. Spectral and luminosity characteristics of CL lamp prototypes were measured by using a HR4000-UV-NIR (Ocean Optics) spectrometer and a LS-110 Luminance Meter (Minolta). Experimental setup with a pencil as a graphite cathode and a glass plate with a conductive ITO layer

Guided immobilisation of single gold nanoparticles by chemical electron beam lithography

• Patrick A. Schaal and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.39

• . Afterwards, these arrays are characterised by using atomic force microscopy. Keywords: 2D pattern; indium tin oxide (ITO); positioning; SAM; self-assembly; Introduction Periodic arrays of nanometre-sized metal structures hold great promise for future applications, e.g., in nanoelectronics [1][2][3][4] or

• of single AuNP arrays to other technically relevant substrates than Si/SiO2. Therefore, we conducted initial experiments by fabrication of AuNP patterns on indium tin oxide (ITO) covered foils of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (see Supporting Information File 1 for the preliminary results), which

• are quite promising. Experimental Materials In this work two different kinds of oxide surfaces were used. Experiments on SiO2 surfaces were conducted by using 40 nm thick SiO2 membranes on 100 μm Si grids (suitable for TEM analyses) from Plano GmbH. In addition, flexible ITO-coated PET substrates from

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• transparent ITO-coated glass or quartz (for optical measurements) substrates with a subsequent thermal treatment for 1 h in air. To study the effect of the spectral sensitization we used two kinds of In2O3 films: films annealed at 200 °C (hereafter referred to as In2O3(200)) and films annealed at 400 °C

• In2O3 films. The cross-sectional SEM image of a film deposited on an ITO substrate shows that the film thickness is about 40 nm (Figure 2a). According to the BET data, the surface areas of the In2O3(400) films prepared with and without Pluronic F127 are 119 and 53 m2/g, respectively. It should be noted

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• optoelectronic and sensing applications. Aligned carbon nanotubes were coated uniformly by electrochemical deposition with an appropriate conducting polymer [126][127]. In order to manufacture plastic solar cells, transparent and flexible conductors are required. Traditionally, indium tin oxide (ITO) is

Influence of the diameter of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles on the optoelectronic performance of dry-deposited thin films

• Kimmo Mustonen,
• Toma Susi,
• Antti Kaskela,
• Patrik Laiho,
• Ying Tian,
• Albert G. Nasibulin and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 692–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.79

• been shown to compete, and even exceed, the performance of indium tin oxide (ITO) coatings on plastic substrates in terms of optoelectronic performance [6][17]. Moreover, ITO has multiple additional drawbacks, including a high refractive index, spectrally nonuniform optical transmission, very limited

Low-temperature synthesis of carbon nanotubes on indium tin oxide electrodes for organic solar cells

• Andrea Capasso,
• Luigi Salamandra,
• Aldo Di Carlo,
• John M. Bell and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.60

• , University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.3.60 Abstract The electrical performance of indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass was improved by including a controlled layer of carbon nanotubes directly on top of the ITO film. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were

• -modified ITO surfaces was measured by the Kelvin probe method to be 4.95 eV, resulting in an improved matching to the highest occupied molecular orbital level of the P3HT. This is in turn expected to increase the hole transport and collection at the anode, contributing to the significant increase of

• al. [20], who were able to attain a marked increase in the short-circuit current of the cell by depositing only semiconducting CNTs on the ITO surface. Nevertheless, this situation is still under debate, since efficient electron–hole separation has been recently observed in P3HT mixed with metallic

Self-assembly of octadecyltrichlorosilane: Surface structures formed using different protocols of particle lithography

• ChaMarra K. Saner,
• Kathie L. Lusker,
• Zorabel M. LeJeune,
• Wilson K. Serem and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 114–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.12

• on a wide range of substrates, such as glass [32], mica [33][34][35], quartz [36][37], indium tin oxide (ITO) [38], or silicon (Si) [11][32][39][40][41][42] or metal oxides such as gold [43][44]. This versatility of organosilanes in the preparation of nanostructures on different surfaces will be

Surface functionalization of aluminosilicate nanotubes with organic molecules

• Wei Ma,
• Weng On Yah,
• Hideyuki Otsuka and
• Atsushi Takahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 82–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.10

• can still be observed. This result is consistent with the explanation for the SFM observation. Terthiophene/imogolite hybrid Grafting of functionalized molecules (porphyrins, phtalocyanines, viologens, rhodamine B, etc.) onto metal-oxide surfaces of SiO2, TiO2, ITO, WO3, and ZrO2 can induce the

STM study on the self-assembly of oligothiophene-based organic semiconductors

• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Erwaa El-Hosseiny,
• Berndt Koslowski,
• Paul Ziemann and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 802–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.88

• weak intermolecular van der Waals forces and molecule–substrate interactions, as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the case of functionalized oligothiophenes [15][16][17]. The typical flat metallic substrates (HOPG, Au(111), Ag(111), etc.) employed in STM differ from the ITO electrodes used in

Room temperature synthesis of indium tin oxide nanotubes with high precision wall thickness by electroless deposition

• Mario Boehme,
• Emanuel Ionescu,
• Ganhua Fu and
• Wolfgang Ensinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 119–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.14

• nanotubes consisting of indium tin oxide (ITO) were fabricated by electroless deposition using ion track etched polycarbonate templates. To produce nanotubes (NTs) with thin walls and small surface roughness, the tubes were generated by a multi-step procedure under aqueous conditions. The approach reported

• below yields open end nanotubes with well defined outer diameter and wall thickness. In the past, zinc oxide films were mostly preferred and were synthesized using electroless deposition based on aqueous solutions. All these methods previously developed, are not adaptable in the case of ITO nanotubes

• , even with modifications. In the present work, therefore, we investigated the necessary conditions for the growth of ITO-NTs to achieve a wall thickness of around 10 nm. In addition, the effects of pH and reductive concentrations for the formation of ITO-NTs are also discussed. Keywords: conductive

Single-pass Kelvin force microscopy and dC/dZ measurements in the intermittent contact: applications to polymer materials

• Sergei Magonov and
• John Alexander

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 15–27, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.2

• Samples The samples for KFM and dC/dZ measurements were prepared by depositing different materials on doped Si, graphite or conducting glass (ITO) substrates. Fluoroalkanes F14H20 were dissolved in perfluorodecalin and a droplet of its dilute solution (0.01 mg/mL) was spin cast on the substrates. Self

• ) (PVAC) were prepared from their solutions in toluene. A thin film of a blend of PMMA with poly(vinyledenefluoride) (PVDF) blend was spin cast from its solution in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. The polymers with molecular weights in the 100–150 K range, solvents and ITO glass substrates were purchased from

• the intermittent contact, we examined 80-nm thick film of the same blend on an ITO substrate. The topography, phase, dC/dZ and surface potential images of one of the locations are shown in Figure 9. The topography image revealed a morphology, which was characterized by sub-micron scale domains

Low-temperature solution growth of ZnO nanotube arrays

• Ki-Woong Chae,
• Qifeng Zhang,
• Jeong Seog Kim,
• Yoon-Ha Jeong and
• Guozhong Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 128–134, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.15

• of tube-shaped ZnO was due to a selective deposition of colloidal Zn(OH)2 at the edge of the (001) plane of ZnO nanorods that were formed in the beginning stage of the reaction. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows the SEM image of the film of ZnO seeds on an indium doped tin oxide (ITO) substrate

• significantly affected by the uniformity and crystal size of the seeds, which act as initial sites for the crystal nucleation [29][30][31][32]. The presented electrophoretic deposition method was effective for making high-quality ZnO nanocrystallite seeds on ITO substrates, as reported previously [33][34][35

• ]. Figure 2 shows the SEM image of ZnO nanorod arrays obtained by a growth on the ZnO-seeded ITO substrate at 90 °C for 10 h. The synthesized ZnO nanorods with a diameter of ~200 nm were well aligned and have a perfect hexagonal shape. The length of the ZnO nanorods observed by SEM was approximately 1.2 µm