The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• using SignalP 6.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-6.0/) [29]. Finally, the sequences were used in a reciprocal tBLASTn search against the NCBI non-redundant protein database to confirm identification. Total RNA extraction and cDNA construction Total RNA was extracted from different

• parts of three honeycomb worms using TRIzolTM Reagent kit (Thermofisher). The parts selected were the head, parathoracic, abdominal, and caudal regions. Concentration and purity of the extracted RNA were measured with a UV–vis spectrophotometer (DENOVIX DS-11). A cDNA library was synthesized from the

• RNA extracted by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the Reverse transcription kit (Roche). Amplification by PCR Double-stranded DNA templates were amplified by PCR using the Q5 High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase kit method (New England BioLabs), with primer designed by Open

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• invasiveness and greater biocompatibility [11]. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNs) have been studied for their potential in the oral delivery of insoluble drugs and biological products [12]. Peptides, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists [13], nucleic acids such as RNA [14], insulin [15], and antigens [16] have been

• a viable option for oral administration of the hepatitis B vaccine. Stability is a challenge in vaccine development, especially for cancer vaccines. RNA, the key element in this process, encodes antigens responsible for humoral immunity but is inherently unstable due to its single-stranded structure

• widely utilized in cancer therapy due to their specific ability to regulate the expression of any associated gene [141] the findings of Han et al. [117] represent an effective approach for synergistic therapy via oral RNA delivery. Moreover, these findings open new possibilities for the application of

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• -delivery of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, specifically, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the MDR1 gene, along with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). This system capitalizes on the high-affinity binding of the AS1411 aptamer to nucleolin, a protein overexpressed on the surface of

• , this synergistic strategy presents a promising approach to circumvent chemotherapy resistance in cancer treatment. In general, DNA aptamers have higher thermal stability, RNA aptamers are richer in secondary structure, and peptide aptamers are smaller in size and easier to enter cells [29]. Furthermore

• limitation. By exploring deeper spatial patterns of gene expression [60], combined with single-cell RNA sequencing [61], it increases our understanding of the full range of ESCC mechanisms. Genomic studies of ESCC and EAC [62] revealed significant differences in marker expression, possibly indicating

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• , peptides, DNA, RNA, antigens, and oligonucleotides to be efficiently incorporated through electrostatic interactions [35][36]. Moreover, some studies showed the interesting association of nanoparticles containing PEI for incorporation of DNA in gene transfection and BSA protein [14][37]. The

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• their controlled release. They are also being investigated as gene delivery agents since they can transport DNA or RNA, making them a potential candidate for therapies such as gene therapy and RNA-based vaccines [11]. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes have revealed promising results in targeted delivery

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• coordinated ligands merely serve as carrier for silver(I) ions. Additionally, silver ions can also generate ROS, which target primarily lipids, DNA, RNA and proteins, leading to serious consequences [18]. Despite a complete understanding of the mechanisms of antibacterial action is yet to be achieved, it has

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• delivery [157][212][213]. Recent advances have shown the development of polymeric nanogels for targeted delivery of antimetabolite agents in the treatment of skin cancer [168]. Antimetabolite agents are antineoplastic drugs that act by inhibiting cell division by blocking DNA and, to a lesser extent, RNA

• synthesis, and subsequently inhibiting the formation of RNA. The effects of reduction on DNA and RNA syntheses occur mostly in cells that proliferate more rapidly and therefore capture more 5-FU [216][217]. Among modern antimetabolite agents, capecitabine is the first-choice antineoplastic drug in contrast

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• a crucial part during pre-clinical nanoparticle development. The influence of the protein corona is particularly evident for the efficacy of lipid nanoparticles used for RNA delivery. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) protect the encapsulated RNA from premature clearance and simultaneously facilitate the

• internalization of RNA molecules by target cells [23]. Several LNP encapsulated RNA-based therapeutics have achieved approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [24], including patisiran/Onpattro for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Onpattro LNPs are administered

• uptake in HMEC-1, U87 or MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, no effect of ApoE3 supplementation was observed in any of the cell lines, indicating limited ApoE-dependent uptake of C12 LNPs (Figure 4). To assess whether differences in uptake correspond to variations in RNA delivery efficiency, the two formulations

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• . Influenza viruses are capable of evolving at a fast rate; they have a segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome that is devoid of proofreading systems, resulting in a constant accumulation of mutations in their genome [2]. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are categorized

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• oligomer (PMO); phosphorothioate (PS); polyplexes; ribose substitutions; small interfering RNA (siRNA); synthetic polymers; tricyclo-DNA (tcDNA); Introduction The development and use of personalised therapies tailored to individual patients have emerged as a powerful strategy for treating various

• oncological, autoimmune, and infectious conditions, where genetic expression plays a crucial role on the disease pathogenesis and prognosis [1][2][3][4]. In the past decades, several approaches including cell-based therapies [5][6][7], gene therapies [8][9], and RNA therapies [10][11] have been studied to

• cellular internalisation [14]. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are short, chemically engineered single- or double-stranded oligonucleotides (also known as small interfering RNA, siRNA) that bind to complementary RNA in a sequence-specific manner, causing the suppression, modification, or restoration of a

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• -100) and incubated at 4 °C for 30 min. Lysed cells were then treated with RNase (10 mg/mL) for 30 min at 37 °C to eliminate RNA as PI can binds to double-stranded RNA. Finally, cells were once again centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 10 min and the pellet was resuspended in 500 μL of 1× PBS containing 10 μL

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• to changes in the structure of RNA, protein chromatin structure, gene expression and replication, and synthesis and repair of DNA [30]. It has also been shown that TMZ has radiosensitizing effects [31][32], increasing the degradation of DNA strains and cell death when combined with RT, which is a

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• innovative strategies to exploit macrophage interactions for therapeutic advantage. Recent advancements in treating liver and lung diseases, particularly focusing on macrophage polarization and RNA-based therapies, have highlighted the potential developments in macrophage–NC interaction. Furthermore, we will

• delve into the intriguing potential of nanomedicine in neurology and traumatology, associated with macrophage interaction, and the exciting possibilities it holds for the future. Keywords: drug delivery; macrophages; nanomedicine; polarization; RNA-based therapies; Review 1 Introduction In the vast

• therapeutic effects remains a significant challenge, as their activation states are dynamic and often characterized by mixed or transitional phenotypes. This underscores the need for refined approaches to enhance efficacy while minimizing risks such as excessive immune activation. RNA-based therapeutics offer

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• characterization and identification 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis was performed for GP258 and recognized at the level of subspecies. The 16S rRNA genes from the isolated strain are about 1300 and 1500 base pairs long. They were amplified through PCR, followed by sequencing

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• drug delivery has spurred extensive research into liposomal systems. These vesicles, with their inherent ability to encapsulate and protect a diverse range of therapeutic agents, including small molecule drugs, proteins, and genetic material such as DNA and RNA, hold significant promise for

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• different drug delivery systems suitable for the applications. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the effective delivery of monoclonal antibodies and RNA and stress the recent literature tackling this challenge. While giving examples of nanotechnological approaches for the effective delivery of

• ; intranasal delivery; liposomes; nanomedicine; nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs); polymer nanoparticles; RNA delivery; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs); Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is considered the body’s processing and control center. While

• progress in clinical trials [141][142] although only a limited amount of the CD20 antibodies can cross the BBB. This can be attributed to their large size and degradation-prone nature [143][144]. In addition, therapy with small interfering RNA (siRNA) is also considered a powerful tool for modulating gene

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• small interfering RNA) for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) [10]. Here, we describe the mechanism of nanomedicine-based drug delivery for liver fibrosis treatment. In the following review, we briefly summarize the basic physiology of liver fibrosis, the interaction between NPs and the liver

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• beneficial [18]. Additionally, biosensors have been used to detect SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19-related severe respiratory distress [19][20]. For the accurate detection of COVID-19 RNA [21][22], proteins [23][24], and virus particles [25][26], various methods have been proposed, such as CRISPR systems

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• , antibiotics, anticancer agents, proteins, DNA, RNA, and growth factors for tissue regeneration [6][7][8]. In addition, nanofibers as drug delivery systems provide rapid or delayed and controlled release of pharmaceuticals. Apart from being implantable drug delivery systems, nanofiber scaffolds can contribute

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• , polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids, and ionizable synthetic lipids (ALC-0315 from BioNTech-Pfizer and SM-102 from Moderna Therapeutics) for enhanced delivery of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the spike protein of the SARS-COV-2 virus to antigen-presenting cells [82]. These vaccines were approved by the FDA

• , Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 in 2021 [99] and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine in 2022 [100], after the approval in 2018 of Onpattro (Patisiran) [101], the first gene therapy based on lipid nanoparticles containing RNA interference, for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis. Vaccines made of

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• ], photocatalytic degradation and bactericidal action [21], sensors and biosensors [22][23][24][25], and as electrocatalysts [26]. Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that attach to their targets with great affinity and specificity. Aptamers have high stability in a variety of environments and

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• , drug resistance, and tumor relapse are the leading challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment. The commonly used methods for the diagnosis of cancer involve identification of cancer-causing features in cells, such as DNA and RNA mutations, impaired expression of proteins, and changes in confirmation

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• tumor tissue, such as mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and sgRNA [113]. This strategy can avoid the impact on normal tissues and shows the advantage of low cytotoxicity. However, RNA is highly unstable and can be easily degraded and eliminated by the kidney [114]. Gene delivery technology based on biomimetic NPs

• shows improved RNA delivery efficiency and overcomes the obstacles of body clearance, insufficient targeting, and low biocompatibility [115]. PLGA NPs loaded with siRNA-E7 and PTX were synthesized for cervical cancer treatment. siRNA-E7 enables the knockdown of E7, which leads to upregulation of the

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• synergistic effects, and (iv) cytotoxic or molecular targeting agents with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for silencing the mutating genes at protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) level, have made their way to clinical therapy or are under evaluation for their efficacy and safety in many research studies and

• the limitations of the conjugates [68][69]. Cytotoxic or molecular targeting agents with siRNA Targeting homologous mRNA sequences in cells and knockdown of receptors involved in cell survival and proliferation using RNA interference downregulates receptor protein expression, inhibits cell growth, and

• survivin-small hairpin RNA (survivin-shRNA), which was trapped by electrostatic interactions in the cavity between several assembled nanoparticles (AP/ES+CQ NPs; AP = amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers modified with anti-EGFR aptamer; ES = erlotinib and survivin-shRNA; Figure 2, Figure 3). The nanocomplexes