Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• short oligo(ethylene glycol) chains. The particles were first characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential (ZP) measurements in solution, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in vacuum. Samples were adsorbed on flat

• , Section S1). We used heavy metal staining in STEM on the nanometer scale, to distinguish the organic ligand shell from the gold core. The main method, however, was “noncontact” (AC mode) AFM. Its advantage lies in obtaining a very detailed surface topography through height images. This also includes

• electrons in SEM (only the gold cores were observed as bright features). We recorded STEM images of dimanno-AuNPs deposited on a carbon-coated TEM grid to visualize the layer. We employed uranyl as a stain, a soluble heavy-metal cation that attaches to the hydrophilic parts of the organic coating, providing

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• stem from misconceptions, media distortion, and politically motivated narratives aimed at restricting funding for fundamental research. In reality, professionals working in nanoscience and nanotechnology continue to make steady, incremental contributions. These are critical to permitting future

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• recognized for enhancing efficiency, affordability, effectiveness, and durability. These benefits stem from unique properties such as high specific surface area, increased reactivity, extensive functionalization, and size-dependent behaviour. By leveraging these characteristics, water treatment processes can

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• nanoscale features, which can be used to control the way the cells function. Surface patterns, for example, can tell cells when to divide, which way to grow, or what type of tissue they should make. It proves to be valuable in stem cell therapy as well as in the development of artificial organs [27]. In

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• % ± 4.92%). Specifically, for MPs ≥10 µm, fixed columns reach 99% efficiency, while magnetically modified biochar captures 96.2% of MPs as small as 1 µm. These efficiencies stem from biochar’s integration of physical and chemical mechanisms that enhance MP retention, particularly for MPs smaller than 10 µm

• removal in water and its ability to restore functionality in microplastic-contaminated soils. Biochar applications in restoring MP-contaminated soil Improving plant growth under MP stress MPs negatively impact crop performance by reducing biomass production, inhibiting stem and root development and

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• to high disability and mortality, and the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Current chemotherapy faces challenges, including non-specificity, toxicity to healthy cells, the development of stem-like cells, and the progression of multidrug resistance [1]. Drug resistance is a major obstacle in cancer

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• surrounding environment, including immunosuppression in T cells via PD-1/PD-L1 axis, recruitment of stem cells via CXCR4/CXCL2 chemokine axis, maturation of immune cells via membrane interactions, and various other physical/chemical interactions, uncover the emergence of cell membrane-based drug delivery

• cells, in vitro and in vivo [161]. Furthermore, Yang et al, inspired by human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, developed a biomimetic zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 to navigate herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase-encoded plasmids and ganciclovir for lung cancer treatment. The biomimetic

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• solution; EELS; electron energy loss spectroscopy; laser processing in liquids; multicomponent alloy; STEM-EDX; selected area electron diffraction; X-ray diffraction; Introduction High-entropy alloys (HEAs), also referred to as compositionally complex solid solutions (CCSS) [1], are of great interest in

• . Nanoparticle characterization is done by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), complemented by tempering and laser post

• determined by STEM-EDX and were similar for both laser pulse durations, namely Cr22Mn17Fe21Co20Ni20 for colloids made by ps-LAL and Cr21Mn21Fe20Co19Ni19 for colloids fabricated by ns-LAL (global values determined via STEM-EDX displayed in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 and Table S2). These values

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• , activation of the calcium/calmodulin pathway leads to the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and other regulatory factors which control extracellular matrix production, bone homeostasis, tissue repair, and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation [10

• bioactive molecules, biomimetic fibrous substitutes, biomaterials-based 3D cell-printing substitutes, and nanoscaffolds incorporating stem cells [15]. Piezoelectric materials are also under active investigation for their potential application in bone regeneration therapies [2][8][16]. These materials can

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• temperatures and amounts of sulfur. Characterization The morphological analyses of pyrite NPs were recorded using the FEI Titan G2 80–300 for TEM, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The

• morphological differences of the pyrite NPs generated in different solvents such as IPA, DMF, ethanol, methanol and acetone, and their respective TEM, HRTEM, and STEM images, particle size distribution, and SAED patterns are provided in Figures 2–6. The lattice fringes from HRTEM images and the diffraction

• spots from SAED patterns were indexed to that of the cubic phase of FeS2 (ICDD#042-1340) and hexagonal phase of FeS (ICDD#029-0725). The TEM, HRTEM, SAED, and STEM images of FIPA (FeS2 NPs in IPA) are shown in Figure 2a–f. FIPA exhibits spherical particles in TEM (Figure 2a) and STEM (Figure 2e,f

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• microhardness without compromising biocompatibility [7]. In another work, the formulation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement–chitosan–graphene oxide (GO) composite was found to be effective. This composite fostered the proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells [8]. Despite these promising findings

• spherical aberrations. All bright-field and dark-field STEM images were acquired at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. Raman analysis was performed using a LabRAM ARAMIS confocal microscope spectrometer equipped with a CCD detector. The spectra were recorded in the range of 200–3200 cm−1 using a 532 nm/100

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• factors, drugs, and stem cells to facilitate the process of growth and regeneration [87]. Fitzpatrick et al. develop a scaffold by combining silk–hydroxyapatite bone cement with growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and neural growth factor

• scaffold was cytocompatible and osteoconductive. In vitro studies showed that the scaffold successfully supported the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, and growth of neural stem cells. The combination of BMP2, VEGF, and NGF

• cross-linking were used to develop a silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite (SF/CS/nHA) scaffold in three different concentrations (3%, 4%, and 5%). The 4% SF/CS/nHA scaffold was shown to be the most effective for bone repair. In vitro studies involved seeding bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• largely been confined to biologics, particularly monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The advantages of using antibodies stem from their remarkable capacity to recognize conformational epitopes that are unique to various oligomeric forms, thereby facilitating the selective targeting of pathogenic AβOs

• early detection of AD [83]. However, recent research has begun to investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes themselves in mitigating AβO-induced toxicity. For instance, Bodart-Santos et al. isolated and characterized EVs from human Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC-EVs) and assessed

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• geometry is primarily due to surface diffusion processes and directional gas flux adsorption [44][45]. No halo region was observed. The volume growth rate was approximately 0.032 µm3·min−1 or 7.62 × 10−4 µm3·nC−1, with a vertical growth rate of 0.02 nm·s−1. For the STEM analysis, a square deposit was

• prepared on an ultrathin carbon support film spanning a lacey carbon membrane (Figure 2c). The deposit appears smeared because of drift caused by charging effects during the deposition process. High-resolution STEM imaging (Figure 2d,e) revealed a granular nanostructure with nanograins of around 2 nm in

• profiles along vertical and horizontal directions. (c) STEM image of the FEB deposit on a carbon membrane. (d) High-resolution STEM image from the center of the deposit. (e) High-resolution STEM image from the edge of the deposit. (f) SAED pattern from the edge of the deposit. Enlarged version of the

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• alloy nanoparticles by LRL with the addition of IPA as a radical scavenger to a solution containing multiple metal ions, and the structure of the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by scanning transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). In this case, we selected an

• Au–Pt alloy (atomic ratio, Au/Pt = 1:1) that has an immiscible gap in the binary phase diagram and is difficult to form a solid–solution alloy in a bulk form. Figure 6 shows a a) TEM image and b) STEM-EDS mappings of the particles produced after laser irradiation. The TEM results (Figure 6a

• ) confirmed the formation of nanoparticles with a diameter of less than 20 nm. The STEM-EDS mappings (Figure 6b) clearly showed that Au and Pt were uniformly present within each particle, and the atomic ratio was Au/Pt = 1:1, which was consistent with the mixing ratio of the precursor ions. Namely, it was

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• was characterized by STEM, where transmitted electrons are used to create the image [30]. In STEM micrographs, alginate nanoparticles appeared with sharp edges; however, the edges of the EudAlg nanoparticles revealed secondary projections (Figure 1C,D). Similar micrographs in which the edge of the

• nanoparticles Morphology of nanoparticles The morphological characterization of nanoparticles was done via scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Zeiss, GeminiSEM500) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM, Ziess, GeminiSEM500). For SEM analysis, nanoparticles were air-dried on SEM stabs and coated

• with gold (4 nm). STEM micrographs were obtained from one drop of nanoparticle suspension dripped on an ultrathin carbon-coated copper grid. Surface composition of nanoparticles For the analysis of various functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles before and after coating, attenuated total

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• acetylation of histone in the nucleus causing increased decondensing of chromatin, making cancer cells more susceptible to DNA damage [15]. Graphene oxide has also been shown to selectively target cancer stem cells among multiple cell types by inhibiting a number of different signal transduction pathways

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• improved the antimicrobial activity of the nanofibers against a wide range of bacteria [190]. In tissue engineering applications, aligned fibers are particularly effective as they better mimic the inductive environment, such as that of human tendon stem/progenitor cells, compared to random fibers [191

• ]. Aligned fibers also guide human mesenchymal stem cells toward cardiomyogenesis and enhance myoblast differentiation [192][193]. Research has demonstrated that aligned nanofibers can accelerate the recovery of highly organized structures, such as nerve cells, tendons, and ligaments. Additionally, aligned

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• depends on where in the plume they stem from, and there is a distribution of cooling rates ranging at least over three orders of magnitude, from less than 1011 to 1013 K·s−1, evidencing undercooling effects and defect-rich nanoparticle crystallization [59]. One may hypothesize that the different cooling

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• through safe laser irradiation. Delivering stem cells to the trabecular meshwork to regenerate tissue and restore its function can treat glaucoma [207]. Labeling stem cells with the PAI contrast agent AuNSs allows for real-time monitoring of stem cell delivery and circulation in the anterior chamber

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• , leukocytes, stem cells, tumor components) or other biocomponents (e.g., platelets), can enhance the functionality of carriers and meet the requirements for human applications [19]. The cellular membranes of cancer cells exhibit adhesion molecules crucial to cancer development and metastasis. Heterotypic or

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• therapeutic efficiency in mouse models bearing 4T1 breast tumors. Hydroxycamptothecin Hydroxycamptothecin (HCT) is a natural alkaloid derived from the bark and stem of the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, also known as the “happy tree” [122]. It is part of the camptothecin family and is renowned for its

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• modification with PEG and RVG29 improved the intranasal delivery of the NPs [163]. Li et al. also worked on RVG29 and developed core–shell lesion-recognizing NPs consisting of RVG29 peptide-modified mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as the shell and a reactive oxygen species-responsive polymer loaded with

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• stem from the PDA layer, while the fluorinated species can be attributed to the FDT layer covalently attached the PDA film. This covalent attachment is also confirmed by the XPS S 2p high-resolution spectra (Supporting Information File 1), which exhibited the same peak envelope across all the three