Large area scanning probe microscope in ultra-high vacuum demonstrated for electrostatic force measurements on high-voltage devices

• Urs Gysin,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Thomas Schmölzer,
• Adolf Schöner,
• Sergey Reshanov,
• Holger Bartolf and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2485–2497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.258

• this picture of a strongly defect and adsorbate-influenced Fermi-level pinning of the SiC surface. A well-known technique to address and quantify the influence of surface defects in semiconductors are surface photo voltage (SPV) measurements. Charge carriers are excited by an incident photon flux and

Nanostructured surfaces by supramolecular self-assembly of linear oligosilsesquioxanes with biocompatible side groups

• Maria Nowacka,
• Anna Kowalewska and
• Tomasz Makowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2377–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.244

• LPSQ-COOH/X allow for a very efficient polymer anchoring on the surface due to both multipoint ionic substrate–adsorbate interactions and adsorbate–adsorbate hydrogen bonding [37]. The formation of ordered SAMs and PSAMs at the liquid–solid interface can occur only if it is energetically allowed by

• particles. This can be ascribed to the preferential formation of dimeric hydrogen bonds (intra/intermolecular and surface-P1) involving carboxyl moieties and the lack of predominant, chain-straightening interactions with mica. This phenomenon illustrates the importance of strong surface–adsorbate

Focused particle beam-induced processing

• Michael Huth and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1883–1885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.191

• well as the secondary and backscattered) electrons of the focused beam dissociate the precursor adsorbate, a permanent deposit is formed. Depending on the precursor and other process parameters, amorphous, nanogranular, nanocrystalline or polycrystalline nanostructures are obtained. Their position and

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• the molecular properties of each adsorbate and the electron flux profile(s) at the solid–vacuum interface. Simple continuum FEBIP models can be solved analytically, yielding governing laws delineating the so-called “reaction-rate” and “mass transport” limited process regimes, and resolution scaling

• laws. Numerical models can account for adsorbate diffusion and enable modeling of processes such as simultaneous FEBIE and FEBID performed using a mixture of precursor gases. Here we provide software that can be used to simulate a wide range of processes reported in the FEBIP literature, and review the

• underlying continuum FEBIP models (recent general reviews of FEBIP can be found in [4][10][18][19][20][21]). We begin with a discussion of the reaction rate limited regime and the most common continuum model input parameters: initial adsorbate coverage, electron flux profile and the gas flux distribution

Transformations of PTCDA structures on rutile TiO₂ induced by thermal annealing and intermolecular forces

• Szymon Godlewski,
• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymoński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.155

• ordered layer. In contrast, our main concern here is the transformation of the molecular structure driven by thermal annealing. Thus, we systematically analyse the impact of post-deposition annealing and deposition at elevated temperatures on the self-assembly processes for different adsorbate coverage

Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate

• Nikolay Podgaynyy,
• Sabine Wezisla,
• Christoph Molls,
• Shahid Iqbal and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 820–830, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.85

• structure. At the potential of zero charge (pzc) at E = 0.22 V, just positive of peak A2 or A1, only a small amount of adsorbate covers the gold surface, according to [28] ΘCu = 9%; Θsulfate = 5%. In Figure 2 the friction image (difference image of trace and retrace signals) of the Au(111) surface at the

• potentials corresponding to different adsorbate structures. As already reported before [11], a transition in the coefficient of friction is observed for a copper monolayer at FN = 70 nN. Here, we extended the study to lower normal loads and observed another transition in the friction coefficient at a normal

• load of FN ≈ 15 nN. The dependency of friction force on potential is shown in Figure 3b. The friction force is independent of potential as long as the adsorbate structure is preserved but changes when the adsorbate structure is changed; it is minimal at the pzc (E = 0.22 V). Due to adsorption of

Combination of surface- and interference-enhanced Raman scattering by CuS nanocrystals on nanopatterned Au structures

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Nikolay A. Yeryukov,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Victor A. Gridchin,
• Evgeniya S. Sheremet and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 749–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.77

• ] the electromagnetic field has a maximum in the vicinity of an adsorbate/oxide interface due to constructive interference. The SERS intensity is proportional to the forth order of electromagnetic field and, therefore, can be significantly enhanced for the adsorbate (or CuS NCs) located in the local

Electromagnetic enhancement of ordered silver nanorod arrays evaluated by discrete dipole approximation

• Guoke Wei,
• Jinliang Wang and
• Yu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 686–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.69

• molecular adsorbate and in turn an enhanced SERS intensity, here we take the surface area effect into account and compare the total SERS enhancement (EFsum). As shown in Figure 5b, the surface effect is clearly visible at certain ARs and seems also depending on the structures of target units, although EFsum

Nanoparticle shapes by using Wulff constructions and first-principles calculations

• Georgios D. Barmparis,
• Zbigniew Lodziana,
• Nuria Lopez and
• Ioannis N. Remediakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 361–368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.35

• with surfactants Metal-only nanoparticles or metal-adsorbate interactions have been the leading force that has helped the evolution of the presented methodology for the shape of nanocrystals. However, recent developments to design colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles with interesting physical and

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• the particles whereas a secondary or third layer is interchanging with other proteins or lipids [21]. One explanation for different results could be the size of particles in relation to the protein size. In most studies NPs >40 nm were used and thus the size of the adsorbate (here transferrin with 9

Size-dependent density of zirconia nanoparticles

• Agnieszka Opalinska,
• Iwona Malka,
• Wojciech Dzwolak,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Adam Presz and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 27–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.4

• Gemini 2360 apparatus with nitrogen as the adsorbate. The particle size was calculated based on the BET data, assuming spherical particles, using: Where σ is the average particle diameter, S is the specific surface area of the powder and ρ is the density of zirconia. The powders were analyzed with an X

Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline diamond at room temperature

• Marina Davydova,
• Pavel Kulha,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Karel Hruska,
• Pavel Demo and
• Alexander Kromka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2339–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.243

• evidence of the integrator property was observed. Overall, the hydrogenated diamond sensors exhibited a response to each sequence of NH3. These behaviors indicated that the H-terminated NCD sensors were able to accumulate NH3 gas in its water adsorbate layer, which confirms the integrator-type gas sensor

Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

• intensity can be measured as well. This non-resonant term, which may be significant, is considered as a background signal, and origins from electronic contributions either from the substrate and/or from the molecular adsorbate [3][24][25][26][27][28]. Thus, the electrical susceptibility tensors are

• experimental proof, the CARS signal enhancement was limited to two orders of magnitude. Opposite to SFG, a major drawback of CARS is the uneven amplification of the electronic contribution from the nanostructure body that can be orders of magnitude stronger than the molecular signal from the adsorbate [21][80

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• overall weak adsorbate-substrate interaction [37]. The close-up images exhibit submolecular resolution and clearly reflect the chemical building blocks. By superimposing the corresponding molecular structures we can attribute the highest round protrusions to the Pt atom in the center of the complexes

Advances in NO₂ sensing with individual single-walled carbon nanotube transistors

• Kiran Chikkadi,
• Matthias Muoth,
• Cosmin Roman,
• Miroslav Haluska and
• Christofer Hierold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2179–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.227

• the theoretical and experimental achievements of the past few years in understanding the interaction of individual, single-walled carbon nanotubes with their environment. First, a summary of the effects of adsorbate molecules on electronic transport is presented, after which the effect of nearby

• influence the electron transport in the devices by changing the transfer characteristics. However, the devices also react strongly to charges in their vicinity, which leads to problems such as hysteresis and noise. We will examine these effects in detail in the next sections. Effect of adsorbate gases The

• sensitivity of carbon nanotube devices to adsorbate gases was reported in 2000 by two groups. Collins et al. [8] showed that carbon nanotube mats contacted by metal showed oxygen sensitivity, while Kong et al. [7] showed the sensitivity of individual CNFETs to NO2 and NH3, and discussed the possible

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• XPEEM provides the chemical map of the resulting heterogeneous surface; and finally XMCD-PEEM reveals the magnetization distribution of this nanostructured surface. Stress-induced adsorbate stripes have been recently observed on crystalline surfaces at high temperatures. The mechanism is based on the

Electronic and electrochemical doping of graphene by surface adsorbates

• Hugo Pinto and
• Alexander Markevich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1842–1848, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.195

• electrochemical doping. The electronic doping is a consequence of the direct charge transfer between graphene and an adsorbate. This requires a difference in electronic chemical potentials at an interface, which is determined by the relative positions of the graphene Fermi level and the highest occupied (HOMO

• ) and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbitals of an adsorbate. If the LUMO of the adsorbate lies lower in energy than the Fermi level of graphene, Figure 1a, electrons will flow from graphene to the adsorbate making graphene p-type-doped. Adsorbates with the HOMO lying above the graphene Fermi level

• relative position of the highest occupied (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied (LUMO) molecular orbitals of an adsorbate to the Fermi level of graphene for a) p-type and b) n-type dopant. Conductivity as a function of the gate voltage (σ(Vg)) of graphene at different exposures to K. The shift of neutrality point

Restructuring of an Ir(210) electrode surface by potential cycling

• Khaled A. Soliman,
• Dieter M. Kolb,
• Ludwig A. Kibler and
• Timo Jacob

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1349–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.148

• driven, it is hindered (and limited) by the kinetic barriers involved in the atom rearrangement at the surface [37]. Thus, not only a critical adsorbate (here oxygen) coverage is required but also appropriate activation, allowing the system to overcome the kinetic barriers in the process of facet

Double layer effects in a model of proton discharge on charged electrodes

• Johannes Wiebe and
• Eckhard Spohr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 973–982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.111

• efficiency of the catalyst. In addition, platinum was deemed suitable because substantial simulation work has been done on this system before. Much work has been done in recent years by using mostly quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) to study adsorbate energetics and geometries on many

• negatively charged electrode surfaces. Specifically, we studied four different systems: double layers with 1 or 2 adsorbed Cl− ions and one with a single adsorbed Na+ ion; in addition a reference system consisting of a pure water adsorbate layer was studied. In order to prevent desorption of the negatively

• . Another alternative would have been to keep the position of the anions fixed. Once adsorbed, the Na+ ion, on the other hand, did never desorb from the surface but was free to diffuse within the adsorbate water layer. Hence, while the anions are specifically tethered to a site on the surface, the cation is

Adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode: An in situ IR spectroscopy search for adsorbed reaction intermediates

• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 747–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.87

• hydrogen in the methanol adsorbate on an emersed polycrystalline Pt electrode was suggested from electrochemical thermal desorption mass spectrometry (ECTDMS) measurements based on the detection of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and traces of carbon dioxide during thermal desorption [44]. In a series of recent

• measurements using deuterium labeled formaldehyde. In addition, this also provides information on the nature of the adsorbate. The rates of the COad build-up were quantified and the kinetic H/D isotope effect in COad formation was determined as a function of the electrode potential and temperature. In the

• these low potentials supports a mechanism where formaldehyde oxidation to formic acid proceeds via the hydrated form of formaldehyde (methylene glycol) and its interaction with the initially adsorbate-free electrode. At lower potentials, the electrode surface is largely blocked by Hupd, which inhibits

The role of surface corrugation and tip oscillation in single-molecule manipulation with a non-contact atomic force microscope

• Christian Wagner,
• Norman Fournier,
• F. Stefan Tautz and
• Ruslan Temirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 202–209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.22

• rapid development of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, investigations of adsorbate–surface interactions on a single-molecule level have become possible [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Especially interesting is the possibility of probing the molecule–surface

• made on 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (PTCDA) molecules [6] (cf. inset of Figure 1a). This system is considered to be an archetypal case of a functional organic adsorbate [1]. PTCDA interacts with surfaces via two distinct functionalities: the π-conjugated perylene core and the

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• combination of charge transfer and polarization effects on the adsorbate layer. The results are contrasted to the adsorption of fluorine on calcium, a system in which a decrease in the work function is also observed despite a large charge transfer to the halogen adatom. Keywords: density functional theory

• adsorption of iodine and chlorine on Cu(111) [9] by using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Whereas chlorine causes the expected increase of the work function upon adsorption of an electronegative adsorbate, iodine leads to a surprising decrease of the work function for coverages up to

• approximately 0.4 ML. By analyzing the underlying electronic structure, we were able to show that this behavior can be explained through a combination of charge transfer and polarization effects of the adsorbate layer. We have now extended this previous study by considering the adsorption of fluorine, chlorine

Core level binding energies of functionalized and defective graphene

• Toma Susi,
• Markus Kaukonen,
• Paula Havu,
• Mathias P. Ljungberg,
• Paola Ayala and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 121–132, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.12

• molecular models such as coronenes differs significantly from graphene, which can be an issue. A prominent recent example of the value of XPS for studying graphene is in chemical functionalization, in which the pristine structure is modified by a known covalent adsorbate or a substitution. Besides

The role of oxygen and water on molybdenum nanoclusters for electro catalytic ammonia production

• Jakob G. Howalt and
• Tejs Vegge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 111–120, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.11

• vacant bridge site. The free energies for oxygen absorption are shown in Table 1 for neutral bias and the potential needed for ammonia production, and listed together with the energies for nitrogen and hydrogen (from [2]). At neutral bias, oxygen is the preferred adsorbate with adsorption energies of

• for all electrochemical reaction steps for ammonia production, see Figure 5, are zero or lower as in the previous example on the Mo13O9 nanocluster. In the discussion of the preferential reactions on the Mo13O9 and Mo13O6 nanoclusters, all possible adsorbate–adsorbate interactions are not included due

Adsorption of the ionic liquid [BMP][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111): substrate effects on the structure formation investigated by STM

• Benedikt Uhl,
• Florian Buchner,
• Dorothea Alwast,
• Nadja Wagner and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 903–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.102

• 10.3762/bjnano.4.102 Abstract In order to resolve substrate effects on the adlayer structure and structure formation and on the substrate–adsorbate and adsorbate–adsorbate interactions, we investigated the adsorption of thin films of the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium-bis

• (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMP][TFSA] on the close-packed Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy, under ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions in the temperature range between about 100 K and 293 K. At room temperature, highly mobile 2D liquid adsorbate phases were observed on both surfaces. At low

• contact with the surface at potentials between −0.4 and −2.2 V vs the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox couple [28]. Hence, the presence of the IL adsorbate alone is not sufficient to induce a restructuring of the substrate surface. The information derived from STM imaging can be combined with results