Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• of NR composite. The usage of GO-VTES may be suitable for the preparation of NR composites for tire applications as the composite may reduce water permeability and enhance the abrasion resistance of commercial products [30]. Experimental Materials The natural rubber used in this work is high-ammonia

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• from Krackeler Scientific (USA). Methyl alcohol, hydrogen peroxide (35%), sodium hydroxide (<97%), ammonia water (25–29%), acetone (99.5%), ethyl alcohol (95%), and 2-propanol (99.5%) were bought from Daejung (Republic of Korea). The Formlabs 3D printer and clear V4 resin were purchased from Formlabs

The microstrain-accompanied structural phase transition from h-MoO₃ to α-MoO₃ investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction

• Zeqian Zhang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Minting Luo and
• Zhenfei Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.55

• to form large one-dimensional tunnels with a diameter of ca. 3 Å [21]. The tunnel permits the intercalation of cations, water molecules, and ammonia, which leads to better photophysical and photochemical capabilities of h-MoO3 compared to the other MoO3 structures [17][22]. However, there are still

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• condensation polymerization of the hydrolyzed precursor. Once colloidally stable nuclei form, growth ensues through monomer addition or coalescence and Ostwald ripening. The reactions involved in the Stöber process are described as follows: where Equation 2 is the ionization of the ammonia, Equation 3 is the

Solvent-induced assembly of mono- and divalent silica nanoparticles

• Bin Liu,
• Etienne Duguet and
• Serge Ravaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 52–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.6

• similar way from 55 ± 2 nm silica nanoparticles which were functionalized with MMS at 0.5 funct./nm2. Controlled growth of the silica core According to the procedure reported in [30], 9.1 mL of absolute ethanol, 0.7 mL of ammonia, and 0.2 mL of the dispersion of monopods (1.8 × 1016 part/L) or bipods (1.8

• absolute ethanol. After 2 cycles of centrifugation (12,000g; 5 min) and redispersion in absolute ethanol, the nanoparticles were finally redispersed in 10 mL of a previously prepared hydroalcoholic solution (absolute ethanol/ammonia/water, volume ratio: 91%:7%:2%). This protocol was renewed to obtain the

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• synthesize hydrophilic CDs [92]. Aqueous ammonia was used as a nitrogen dopant for many natural source materials such as Hylocereus undatus (H. undatus), Chionanthus retusus (C. retusus), Phyllanthus emblica (P. emblica), and Phyllanthus acidus (P. acidus) to obtain N-CDs [93][96]. A good QY up to 31.7% was

• honey, garlic, and ammonia as green source, sulfur source, and nitrogen source, respectively to prepare N,S-CDs via a simple hydrothermal technique. The Z-scan methodology was used for non-linear optical characterization and the agar well diffusion methodology was used to explore the antimicrobial

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• were lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (99.9%, La(NO3)3·6H2O, Alfa Aesar), ferric nitrate nonahydrate (≥98.0%, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, J.T. Baker), and nickel nitrate hexahydrate (98.0%, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, Showa), respectively. The citric acid (95.0%, C6H8O7) and ammonia (28.0–30.0%, NH4OH) were both obtained from J.T

• brown color. The pH value was adjusted to pH 0 or pH 7 with ammonia (NH4OH). The total volume of the brown solution was controlled at 100 mL, followed by being heated at 110 °C for 60 min with continuous stirring to remove water. Citric acid acted as a chelating agent during the dehydration process, so

Modeling a multiple-chain emeraldine gas sensor for NH₃ and NO₂ detection

• Hana Sustkova and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 721–729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.64

• -equilibrium Green’s functions formalism. The numerical results are compared with experimental data of ammonia and nitrogen dioxide detection. Multiple molecules of PANI in the form of emeraldine salt were studied with more than one absorbed molecule of ammonia or nitrogen dioxide. From the I–V characteristics

• good properties for NO2 detection. Keywords: ammonia; gas sensor; nitrogen dioxide; numerical computation; polyaniline; Introduction Polyaniline is a conducting polymer consisting of benzene rings connected by nitrogen units, which can be used in a wide spectrum of applications, for example, dyes for

• it shows a resistance change when gas molecules are in the vicinity of the chain. Interesting for this application could be the detection of NH3 or NO2 [5]. Mechanism of Gas Sensing When gas molecules interact with the PANI chain, the resistance of the bulk material changes. For example, ammonia gas

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.13.34 Abstract The selective detection of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon oxides (CO2 and CO), acetone ((CH3)2CO), and toluene (C6H5CH3) is investigated by means of a gas sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites. The array

• data by principal component analysis to be a highly accurate method reach to 99% of the classification of six different gases. Keywords: feature extraction; gas sensor; pattern recognition; sensor array; Introduction The control and monitoring of toxic gaseous substances, such as ammonia, nitrogen

• between VOCs, supported by a vector machine to distinguish between acetone, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia, and by a neutral network model to distinguish between ammonia and formaldehyde gas [7][8][9]. In our previous work [10], we demonstrated a combination of organic (polyaniline, PANI) and inorganic

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• , carbon monoxide, ammonia, nitrous oxide, and ethanol (Figure 10e,f) at 250 °C. The estimated fractal dimensions were 1.82 for the pore network and 1.72 for the foam sensor. Titanium oxide-based fractals Fusco et al. modified dielectric titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles with fractal structure with a

• . The response of sensor was described by the real and imaginary parts of the reflection coefficient using a specific waveguide. The response was found to be linear for ammonia in the range of 0–500 ppm. Zinc oxide-based fractals Hierarchical dandelion-like hollow ZnO structures were reported by Fan et

• branches. The dendritic nanostructure allowed the network passage for electron transfer after ammonia molecules interact with the sensing surface. It showed an about 5–8 times enhanced response and an improvement in recovery time by about 30–50 times compared to a pristine NiO sensor. The sensor also

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• upon addition of ammonia solution (Figure 1). NOR was loaded onto the IONPs at pH 5 or pH 10 and the nanoparticles were subsequently analyzed. It was noted that the efficacy of NOR against Mycobacterium smegmatis remained unaffected by a change of pH, to either pH 5 or pH 10 (Supporting Information

• the treatment of intracellular pathogens. Experimental Reagents FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O and NOR used in the nanoparticle synthesis were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. 25% ammonia solution was purchased from Merck, Germany (GR grade). RPMI-1640 and fetal bovine serum (FBS) used for the culturing

• synthesized by co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric chloride salts [47]. An aqueous solution of Fe2+:Fe3+, taken in the molar ratio of 1:2, was stirred at 700 rpm with nitrogen purging, for 10 min, at 80 °C. The reduction to Fe3O4 was carried out with the addition of 15 mL of 25% ammonia solution. Stirring

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• FRET imaging while propelling the switches. The entire self-actuation process is realized by urease-mediated conversion of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Unlike traditional nanoprobes, DNA nanoswitches can perform pH value measurements within a few microseconds. This research is a big step

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• μm2 for every sample), the lowest RMS values are observed in A4 and B4 samples: 2.05 and 1.96 nm, respectively (those samples were treated with the ammonia aqueous solution during stage 3). Conversely, the highest roughness is observed in samples in which the HCl solution was applied (also during

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• measurements (TraceCERT®, c = 1000 mg/mL) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Cyclohexane (tech. 99.5%) and ammonia water (p.a., 25 wt % NH3) were purchased from Roth. Ethanol (EtOH, 100%) was purchased from Berkel AHK, hydrofluoric acid (HF, 30%) was purchased from Riedel de Haën, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99

• 33.3 mL of cyclohexane was used. After sonicating for 10 min, 3.736 mL of Igepal CO-520 was added. After a brief mixing using an ultrasonic bath, 0.331 mL of ammonia water was added, and the dispersion was sonicated again for 20 min. Subsequently, 0.331 mL of TEOS was added and the whole mixture was

• sonicated for at least 1 h. Finally, the dispersion was stirred for 12 h at 1200 rpm at room temperature [38]. For growing 21 ± 2 nm thick silica shells, additional cyclohexane, Igepal CO-520, and ammonia water were added to the non-purified dispersion of UCNPs coated with 7 ± 1 nm thick shells to maintain

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• see Experimental section. Undoped sections of multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) grown from toluene or acetylene, are referred as “C” whereas nitrogen-doped sections, grown under ammonia-containing atmosphere or using benzylamine, are referred as “N” [21]. The chronological order of the grown sections is shown

• second precursor line, 500 sccm of Ar were used. Next, while the same ferrocene and toluene mixture was injected into the furnace, ammonia (≥99.98%, BOC) was added to the carrier gas at 30 sccm for 15 min. Finally, acetylene (industrial grade, BOC) was used as a gas precursor at 100 sccm with hydrogen

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• by MOCVD (Thomas Swan). Trimethylgallium (TMGa), trimethylaluminum (TMAl), and ammonia (NH3) were used as Ga, Al, and N sources, respectively. N2 and H2 were used as carrier gases in the growth process. A 1 μm layer of unintentionally doped GaN was deposited as the buffer layer on a sapphire

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• /ammonia) [45][46][49]. In addition, the pore size distribution of the mSiO2@NiPS core–shell nanocomposite was broader (2–15 nm) than that of mSiO2 (Figure 2b). During the formation of the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 composite, the pore diameter slightly increased to 7.7 nm, indicating the presence of interparticle

• between NiPS and TiO2, which resulted in good stability and reusability of the catalyst. The generation of a core–shell nanostructure with tunable surface and optoelectronic properties is a promising approach for the production of efficient photocatalysts. Experimental Starting materials Ammonia solution

• nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Synthesis of mSiO2, mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures Ethanol (100 mL) was added to 10 mL of water and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. A solution of 10 mL of ammonia was added to the co-solvents and the resultant mixture was stirred for

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• carbon content. In this way, water has been used for the purification of FEBID of platinum [33][34] and gold [35]. An analogous reaction occurs with ammonia to get rid of the halogen in deposits from the (η3-C3H5)Ru(CO)3Cl precursor [36]. However, this reaction scheme would lead to a much lower carbon

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• breath contains oxidizing agents (e.g., nitrogen oxides, carbon oxide, and sulfur oxides), reducing agents (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, mercaptans, and organic molecules), and other chemically active components that can participate in various chemical transformations. It is known, for example, that

• hydrochloric acid interacts almost instantaneously with ammonia to form NH4Cl. Therefore, there is a high probability that the composition of the human breath medium is transformed after it is formed in the human body and before it is released in the atmosphere. It should also be noted that the new compounds

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• assays using different molar ratios (R) of ammonia (OH− ion source) and iron ions. The authors showed that Fe3O4 particles were not produced by a direct reaction of Fe3+, Fe2+, and OH− ions, but rather via formation of several iron oxyhydroxides (including goetite or lepidocrocite) and their further

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• microcrystalline Te films have remarkable, sensitive properties toward ammonia [8][9] and hydrogen sulfide [10] and, to a lesser extent, to carbon oxides and amines [11]. In the last years, due to the increase in the general interest toward nanodimensional devices and structures, significant attention has been

• NO2, H2S or ammonia. This is the main reason why this method was used in this work to manufacture and examine Te films. According to the SEM image shown in Figure 1A, nanocrystalline Te films grown on glass substrates present a uniform and dense distribution of randomly oriented nanocrystalline grains

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• 4 to 12 MPa were previously obtained for wet-spinning of bare chitosan solutions into ammonia [35]. These results were in good agreement with the Young’s modulus values obtained for our helical chitosan fibers. On the other hand, gel-spinning in combination with a post-drying step led to much higher

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• chloride (ZnCl2, Mw = 73.09 g/mol), hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4, Mw = 140.19 g/mol) and ammonia (NH3·H2O, Mw = 17.03 g/mol) were supplied from China Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Methyl orange (Mw = 327.34 g/mol) was purchased from Shanghai Debai Biotechnology Co

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• ) for the medium and small carbon nanoparticles (CNP-M and CNP-S, respectively). Synthesis of silica nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS in the presence of ammonia as a catalyst following the Stöber process [25]. Briefly, a defined amount of

• TEOS was added to a solution containing ethanol, ammonia (33%) and ultrapure water under magnetic stirring and at room temperature for 30–40 min. The ratio of the reagents was modified in order to control the NPs size (Table 2). The NP suspension was centrifuged at 11,000 rcf for 15 min and the

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• Hap NRs will be highly useful in the fabrication of novel implants for orthopedic and dental applications. Materials and Methods The experiments were performed in a 1000 mL round bottom flask filled with calcium carbonate (CB powder), (NH4)2HPO4 and ammonia solution. The oil bath setup was used to

• adjusted from 8 to 12 using ammonia solution. This mixture was allowed to stir for various reaction times of 6, 12, 24, and 48 h at 80 °C and then the final precipitate was washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove impurities. Finally, the precipitate was dried at 60 °C in a hot air oven and was