Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• anisotropy, is achieved for the engineering of cardiac [21], muscle [22] and nerve tissues [23]. Finally, CNT properties can be fine-tuned upon chemical functionalization. However, the latter characteristic needs to be well-balanced in order to prevent degradation of the CNT properties [24][25][26]. The

Dynamic behavior of nematic liquid crystal mixtures with quantum dots in electric fields

• Emil Petrescu,
• Cristina Cirtoaje and
• Octavian Danila

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 399–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.39

• quantum dot surface. Dynamic experiments performed in alternating electric fields proved that by adding a small amount of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in thermotropic nematic liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy, we obtain a decrease of the relaxation time. When an external electric field higher

• -based device parameters. Theoretical Background When a nematic liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy is exposed to an electric field, and if the intensity of the field is higher than the Fréedericksz transition threshold, the molecular director changes its orientation, trying to align in

• , , and electric anisotropy, εa, we use the effective perpendicular permittivity, , and effective anisotropy, εaeff. If a small spherical cavity is considered inside the liquid crystal, a polarisation field on the hole surface appears. According to classical theory developed by Landau and Lifshitz [20

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal with added carbon nanotubes in an electric field

• Emil Petrescu and
• Cristina Cirtoaje

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 233–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.25

• -cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) liquid crystal (LC). Theoretical Background When a liquid crystal with positive dielectric anisotropy is exposed to an external electric field higher than the critical Fréedericksz transition threshold, its molecules have a tendency to orient their director parallel to the

• crystal with the electric field (Figure 2) is: where Here is the transverse component of the dielectric permittivity and is the dielectric anisotropy of the liquid crystal. Since D, the electric displacement, is constant, the voltage between the electrodes can be written as: and Equation 7 becomes: If

• time compared to the liquid crystal sample (Figure 4b). If the voltage is applied for a long period of time (at least 1 hour) the nanotubes align parallel to the field, due to their positive anisotropy [18][19][20][21]. When the field is then switched off, the LC molecules return to their original

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• modulus, porosity, surface roughness, and local anisotropy [102]. LC hydrogels and implants in nematic and smectic-A phases LC-ordered anisotropic gels have great potential to be directly applied to regenerative medicine therapeutics, due to their intrinsic tissue compatibility. Thermally or

• applications, the self-assembly of biopolymers in biocompatible ranges of physicochemical factors can be an ideal property, especially for developing scaffolds for cell encapsulation. The local anisotropy of the 3D architecture in the LC scaffolds provides a versatile strategy to dictate guided cell growth and

Humidity-dependent wound sealing in succulent leaves of Delosperma cooperi – An adaptation to seasonal drought stress

• Olga Speck,
• Mark Schlechtendahl,
• Florian Borm,
• Tim Kampowski and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 175–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.20

• prepared from epidermis samples and from the basal and apical region of the tapered strands and cross-sectional areas were calculated. The epidermis was tested in a longitudinal and in a transversal direction to test possible anisotropy in this tissue layer. To reduce dehydration effects during tensile

Nematic topological defects positionally controlled by geometry and external fields

• Pavlo Kurioz,
• Marko Kralj,
• Bryce S. Murray,
• Charles Rosenblatt and
• Samo Kralj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 109–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.13

• TDs are various liquid crystal (LC) phases [5]. They are relatively easily accessible to various experimental methods [6] due to their unique combination of optical anisotropy and transparency, fluid character, and mechanical softness. In addition, the diversity of LC phases and structures guarantees

• representative characteristic elastic constant in the single elastic constant approximation, is the external electric field, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, and Δε is the dielectric constant anisotropy. We model conditions at the LC confining boundaries either by [15][16]: or where w is the surface

• departure from the z-axis. We next apply an external electric field along the z-axis and assume that the LC possesses a negative dielectric anisotropy (Δε < 0). In this case the external field favors the negatively uniaxial part of the boojum. Consequently, it becomes elongated on increasing the field

Nematic liquid crystal alignment on subwavelength metal gratings

• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Artur R. Geivandov,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Maxim V. Gorkunov and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 42–47, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.6

• transverse magnetic (TM) modes are due to the optical anisotropy of the LC: the TM mode is polarized along the grating wavevector (and across the slits), thus, it deals with the ordinary refractive index, no, whereas the orthogonal TE mode interacts with the extraordinary refractive index, ne. Based on the

Study of the vertically aligned in-plane switching liquid crystal mode in microscale periodic electric fields

• Artur R. Geivandov,
• Mikhail I. Barnik,
• Irina V. Kasyanova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 11–19, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.2

• = 3, 6 and 10 μm, respectively. The electrodes were made either of transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) or opaque chromium coating prepared by vacuum sputtering. The LC cells were filled with Merck E7 and ZLI 1957/5 LC mixtures with positive dielectric anisotropy. E7 is almost twice as viscous as ZLI

• 1957/5 and exhibits almost double birefringence (∆n). The larger birefringence of E7 allows for making smaller cells with an equivalent optical retardation. Also, the larger low-frequency dielectric anisotropy of E7 yields a stronger electric field torque, which is favorable for shortening the

• anisotropy. In the mentioned example of the 2 ms driving pulse the maximal switched-on transmittance is about 10%, which is a fifth of the 50% in the ideal case (at 100% optical aperture, ideal polarizers and π-phase delay provided by LC layer; we are also reminding that we define the transmittance with

Magnetic field induced orientational transitions in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2807–2817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.280

• shape (aspect ratios of 102 to 103) and anomalously high anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility ( ≈ 10−5 to 10−4) [8][9][10][11], CNTs are very attractive for the creation of nanocomposites based on LCs with high magneto-orientational response. From experimental data [12][13][14][15][16], it is

• and planar coupling of LC with the CNT surface, then in the absence of a magnetic field . In the case of a positive anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility of the LC χa > 0, applying a magnetic field H = (0,0,H) will lead to the appearance of distortions in the orientational structure of the LC

• . This effect is known as the Fréedericksz transition [32]. CNTs are also oriented by the magnetic field, because they possess an anomalously strong diamagnetism and positive diamagnetic anisotropy [10][33][34][35], so even small concentrations of CNTs in suspension should lead to a decreasing of the

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• the probe, if worn during the experiment, is submitted to an isotropic wear; (6) the circular displacement allows for the exploration of wear in all directions of the surface material, which may be of major interest to investigate wear anisotropy; and (7) if wear debris are generated during the wear

Ferrocholesteric–ferronematic transitions induced by shear flow and magnetic field

• Dmitriy V. Makarov,
• Alexander A. Novikov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2552–2561, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.255

• various external influences (mechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, and temperature fields). It is known [13] that with a positive anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility χa of a liquid crystal, the director tends to orientate along the magnetic field. The application of a magnetic field perpendicular

• also spirally twisted in space, and in this respect the ferrocholesteric is a liquid crystal analogue of a helicoidal ferromagnet. We apply the magnetic field H = H(cosφH, sinφH, 0) orthogonally to the axis of the ferrocholesteric helix at an angle φH in the shear plane x–y. We assume the anisotropy of

Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a ferronematic

• Natália Tomašovičová,
• Jozef Kováč,
• Veronika Gdovinová,
• Nándor Éber,
• Tibor Tóth-Katona,
• Jan Jadżyn and
• Peter Kopčanský

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2515–2520, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.251

• attention that nematic liquid crystals (LCs) have attracted in recent decades is due to the anisotropy of their physical properties. This anisotropy allows for a realignment of their director (the axis of cylindrical symmetry) by external electrical or magnetic fields, or by shear [1]. In common nematics

• , the threshold voltage of the reorientational response is just a few volts, owing to the relatively large anisotropy of the dielectric permittivity. Analogous effects exist with magnetic fields. However, the threshold magnetic fields are high (B = μ0H ≈ 1 T) as a consequence of the small diamagnetic

• susceptibility anisotropy (χa ≈ 10−6) of liquid crystals. As a way of lowering the required applied magnetic field, doping liquid crystals with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been proposed [2]. The stable colloidal suspensions of MNPs in nematic LCs are now known as ferronematics (FNs). Following the first

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal mixed with CoFe₂O₄ ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a magnetic field

• Emil Petrescu,
• Cristina Cirtoaje and
• Cristina Stan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2467–2473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.246

• variations of transition thresholds [27][28] or response time [29]. Ferromagnetic nanoparticles are good candidates for LC improvement due to their significant positive magnetic anisotropy and strong anchoring energy [30][31] on a large surface provided by chain clustering. All these effects help the

The interplay between spin densities and magnetic superexchange interactions: case studies of mono- and trinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes

• Azar Aliabadi,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Vladislav Kataev and
• Tobias Rüffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2245–2256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.224

• shown to be sufficient for this purpose [9], since at Q- and especially at W-band frequencies the powder pattern of the ESR spectrum arising due to the g-factor anisotropy is much better resolved. We demonstrated that the higher the tetrahedral distortion of the CuN2O4 coordination units of type-II

• on Nalkyl donor atoms, which reveal smaller parameters of the associated HF tensor C. Surprisingly the HF tensor D, which is also related to Nalkyl, appears to be similar to A–B. This could be a result of an overestimate of the anisotropy of the HF couplings due to the still somewhat limited

Ta₂N₃ nanocrystals grown in Al₂O₃ thin layers

• Krešimir Salamon,
• Maja Buljan,
• Iva Šarić,
• Mladen Petravić and
• Sigrid Bernstorff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2162–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.215

• important feature of the NPs is their anisotropy. The in-plane dimension (parallel to the surface plane), Dy, is larger than the out-of-plane dimension (perpendicular to the surface plane), Dz, that is, the NPs are slightly elongated in the surface plane. Note that up to 700 °C the morphological properties

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

• Soraya Sangiao,
• César Magén,
• Darius Mofakhami,
• Grégoire de Loubens and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

• better accuracy, one can also use the value of the saturation field of the nanosphere. For a perfect sphere without crystalline anisotropy, it is only governed by demagnetizing effects and equal to µ0Ms/3. This saturation field is accurately determined from a series of measurement similar to the one

Electronic structure, transport, and collective effects in molecular layered systems

• Torsten Hahn,
• Tim Ludwig,
• Carsten Timm and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2094–2105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.209

• in the eigenbasis of Hmol (i.e., coherences) vanish if the system is non-magnetic or all magnetic axes (applied magnetic field, magnetization, easy anisotropy axis) are parallel. Then one obtains rate equations for the diagonal components, i.e., for the probabilities of molecular states, where m and

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• ., a strong optical anisotropy) when the azimuth of the polarizer was varied [105]. Contrary to that the OSC contrasts in CIN zones, confirmed by following histological analysis of corresponding biopsies, showed no dependence on the azimuth variation. Consequently, CIN zones behaved as an isotropic

• squamous epithelium exhibited strong birefringence (optical index anisotropy), which vanished in precancerous regions even for LSIL. The orientation of the optical axis of retarder became completely random in CIN zones. This effect was attributed to the degeneration of stromal collagen beneath the

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• characterized with anisotropy g-factors. The obtained compounds form nanoparticles in water with appreciable chiroptical activity with g-factors reaching 1.89 × 10−4 in the UV region of the spectrum (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S30). Conclusion New water-soluble tetra-substituted lower-rim derivatives

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• differences in the number of absorption bands due to symmetry considerations regarding free-base H2TPP(OMe)4 compared to metalated NiTPP(OMe)4 and CuTPP(OMe)4 [16][17]. Additionally, the optical anisotropy of the extinction coefficient determined from VASE in the spectral range of the first absorption band

Charge transfer from and to manganese phthalocyanine: bulk materials and interfaces

• Florian Rückerl,
• Daniel Waas,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Martin Knupfer,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Francisc Haidu,
• Torsten Hahn and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1601–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.160

• where they lie face to face. This high degree of order also allowed us to study the anisotropy of the excitations into Co-derived 3d levels in F16CoPc close and far from the interface to MnPc. The corresponding data at the Co 2p absorption edges again show a very clear anisotropy when taken with

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• reaction yield on the field strength, but also on the molecular orientation [91], for instance due to the anisotropy of the hyperfine interaction. The orientation dependence is of importance in solids, since in liquids molecules usually tumble so fast that anisotropic spin interactions are averaged out and

Deposition of exchange-coupled dinickel complexes on gold substrates utilizing ambidentate mercapto-carboxylato ligands

• Martin Börner,
• Laura Blömer,
• Marcus Kischel,
• Peter Richter,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Maria E. N. Fuentes,
• Carlos C. B. Bufon,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Daniel Breite,
• Bernd Abel and
• Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1375–1387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.139

• than definitive because these measurements are not the most appropriate for the determination of D-values. It should also be noted that HFEPR experiments for carboxylato-bridged [Ni2L(O2CR)]+ complexes revealed a negative axial magnetic anisotropy parameter (D < 0) with D-values of approximately −0.04

• cm−1, indicative of an easy magnetic anisotropy axis. However, the magnetic anisotropy barrier is too small to allow for sufficient retention of magnetization at finite temperature. The value of J, on the other hand, does not significantly depend on D. Thus, J is unambiguous and provides a correct

3D continuum phonon model for group-IV 2D materials

• Morten Willatzen,
• Lok C. Lew Yan Voon,
• Appala Naidu Gandi and
• Udo Schwingenschlögl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1345–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.136

• anisotropy and flexural modes perpendicular to the layers and can thus be applied to any two-dimensional material. In this paper, we use the model to not only compare the phonon spectra among the group-IV materials but also to study whether these phonons differ from those of a compound material such as

Two-dimensional silicon and carbon monochalcogenides with the structure of phosphorene

• Dario Rocca,
• Ali Abboud,
• Ganapathy Vaitheeswaran and
• Sébastien Lebègue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1338–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.135

• these monolayers were determined using density functional theory. By using accurate hybrid functionals it was found that these materials are semiconductors and span a broad range of bandgap values and types. Similarly to phosphorene, the computed effective masses point to a strong in-plane anisotropy of

• phosphorene very promising for certain applications. Additionaly, phosphorene is characterized by a strong anisotropy in the carrier mobility [14] and ferroelasticity [16]. Recently, some parent compounds to phosphorene have been considered. For example, P–As compounds were studied theoretically and

• computing phonon dispersion curves, in this work we show that carbon and silicon monochalcogenides are dynamically stable in a puckered structure. Additionally, we compute band structures using the quantitatively accurate HSE06 hybrid functional [29] and we evaluate effective masses, whose anisotropy