Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• stained, including those being in a state of apoptosis as a result of the treatment with hydrogen peroxide, or caught at the stage of division. O-dots were present in endosomes and formed apoptotic bodies. The use of a higher concentration of O-dots (125 μg/mL) enabled a more representative image of non

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• apoptosis, neither morphologically nor biochemically. In this regard we discuss membrane damage and consumption as one possible mechanism of toxicity, linking morphological observations to toxicological findings to bridge the gap in understanding the mechanism of toxicity of small nanoparticles. Keywords

• times we only detected diffuse cell debris in EM. Additionally, we could not detect Caspase-3 cleavage, a central event in extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. The increase in LDH leakage is another hint at elevated membrane damage and necrosis. However, it is not the scope of our study to look for

• increased membrane permeability are summed up under the term “oncosis” as a form of cell death in contrast to apoptosis [36]. Its mechanism is thought to be based on a malfunction of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane that can be evoked by ischemia or toxic agents interfering with ATP generation or

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• liver, acute inflammation responses and increase the apoptosis of cells. Interestingly, these results are accompanied by an increasing production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) [23]. Silver NPs also hold the ability to generate ROS, which cause oxidative stress [24]. In addition, they can also

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• remain unclear. However, we have concluded from previous studies that these mechanisms mainly consist of oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. Meanwhile, other factors such as disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted

• that the major mechanisms are oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, it appears that TiO2 NPs-induced neurotoxicity results from multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms exist and include disturbed

• oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, in most situations, neurotoxicity occurs through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms include disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted signaling pathways

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• fields. Such magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with DNR were reported to induce apoptosis of cancer cell lines [11][12]. Other examples of nanoparticles include titanium dioxide (TiO2) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [13][14]. In the latter case the nanoparticles were also modified with aptamer – single

Simultaneous cancer control and diagnosis with magnetic nanohybrid materials

• Reza Saadat and
• Franz Renz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 121–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.14

• environment such as the one present in the cancer cell (Figure 1) [7][12]. Equipped with an alpha emitter [14], they could initiate an apoptosis of the tumor cells. This procedure may allow for combining diagnosis and therapy for cancer diseases. Results and Discussion We synthesized magnetite nanoparticles

Application of biclustering of gene expression data and gene set enrichment analysis methods to identify potentially disease causing nanomaterials

• Andrew Williams and
• Sabina Halappanavar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2438–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.252

• black (CB) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to determine the disease significance of these data-driven gene sets. Results: Biclusters representing inflammation (chemokine activity), DNA binding, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fibrosis processes were identified. All of the NM studies

• , Kif5b, Mier1, Pgm2l1, Plcb4, Ppil4, Rabep1, Smc1a, Stk3, Syncrip, Tcerg1, Ugcg, Usp9x, Zfml, and Zfp292) showed that this group of genes was primarily involved in the acetylation process (FDR p-value = 0.0056). Many GO terms related to the regulation of apoptosis were present in the results obtained by

• potentially fibrogenic NMs. Although several genes sets associated with acute DNA binding, cell cycle, apoptosis, and ROS response that were specific to different disease models were also observed to be perturbed following exposure to NMs, the implication of such perturbation was not clear from this analysis

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• cell lines, compared to free calcitriol (p < 0.05). The cell cycle arrest in the treated cell lines was not accompanied by significant changes in the amount of sub-G1 cells (data not shown), relative to the control cells, indicating little apoptosis after 72 h treatment with free and entrapped

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• exposed in vitro, i.e., directly, to silver nanoparticles [105]. Similar to the trials using piscine embryos, the authors found abnormalities during preimplantation development like increased apoptosis at the blastocyst stage in conjuction with a reduced number of pups if nanoparticle exposed blastocysts

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• as well as p47phox NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-oxidase-dependent superoxide generation [37] leading to apoptosis [21][23][38]. We therefore determine that a significantly higher amount of 1O2 was being released in the aqueous solution by ZnO:Ag (10–30%) nanocomposites

• activation of enzymes and transcription factors and in growth, differentiation and apoptosis [39]. The localized photo-oxidation of treated tissues affects only the area exposed to light leading to targeted tumor regression and disruption of blood supply [40]. However others have reported that ZnO NPs

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• , and at the same time, further enhance their degree of biocompatibility [7]. This is because non-functionalized CNTs tend to aggregate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions and hence, they might induce apoptosis (cell death) after administration into the human body. Parkinson’s disease (PD) or

Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces

• Miao Yu,
• Nico Strohmeyer,
• Jinghe Wang,
• Daniel J. Müller and
• Jonne Helenius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 157–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.15

• force spectroscopy; Introduction The regulated adhesion of mammalian cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and surrounding cells is crucial in biological processes such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since impaired cell adhesion causes a wide range of diseases

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• [74]. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA content in cell lysates, and apoptosis of cells were assessed using SH-SY5Y cells. The cells were exposed to GC–BNNTs up to 100 µg/mL. They found that the GC–BNNT-dependent toxic concentration was lower than the 50 µg/mL. On the other hand

• block ATP. They concluded that the PLL–BNNTs accumulation occurred in the cell membrane with energy dependent pathways. At a concentration of up to 10 µg/mL, the PLL–BNNTs exhibited no evidence of apoptosis, necrosis and membrane permeabilization [79]. Danti et al. investigated the cellular uptake of

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• their spreading. Herein, we assess the adhesion as an indicator for viability since the cells detach during apoptosis. Furthermore, an adherent cell, which has increased its spreading area, is considered to show an active proliferation. Figure 2B shows a typical example of an adherent cell at day one

Functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as a platform for studying bio–nano interactions

• Cornelia Loos,
• Tatiana Syrovets,
• Anna Musyanovych,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Katharina Landfester,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus and
• Thomas Simmet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2403–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.250

• used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Keywords: amino groups; apoptosis; carboxyl groups; cell proliferation; leukemia cell lines; macrophages; mTOR; polystyrene nanoparticles; Review Applications of polystyrene Polystyrene, one of the most extensively used types of plastic [1], is an

• nanoparticles and specifically with respect to polymer-coated SPIO, it may be important to test for longer term toxicity beyond the usual 24 or 48 hour time intervals. Thus, long-term incubation with carboxydextran-coated SPIO nanoparticles induced delayed apoptosis in macrophages through the induction of

• on the outer membrane leaflet of THP-1 cells consistent with the induction of apoptosis (Figure 4). Camptothecin, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, was used as a positive control. Likewise, in leukemia cells xenografted onto the chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo, intravenous administration of PS

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• DNA damage and apoptosis were detected in human skin epidermal cells after exposure to nickel nanoparticles [42]. Phototoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles induced the generation of oxidative DNA damage during UVA and visible light irradiation in keratinocytes [43]. Oxidative stress and skin cell

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• activation enzyme, rise of inactivation enzyme); (3) quantitative and qualitative alterations of the target molecule of the drug; (4) the microenvironment of the cancer; (5) the DNA repair system, and (6) an increase of anti-apoptosis or anti-pre-apoptosis signals. It is necessary to scrutinize these

• concentrations of PTX alone will be eliminated in the case of DDMC/PTX. Not being influenced by the above-mentioned resistance of melanoma cells to PTX, it may be able to react with tubulin protein, resulting in melanoma cells undergoing apoptosis. PTX can be conjugated to a variety of carriers, including

• therefore unable to stop polymerization, promoting cell apoptosis following the formation of numerous poor-quality short hollow tubes [55]. Enzymatic reactions of the DDMC/PTX complex Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the diffusion of PTX to the outer surface, the coordination of α,β-tubulin dimer on the DDMC/PTX

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• correlated with morphological changes of cells as well as biochemical reactions in cellular media, such as changes in the intracellular distribution of Ca2+ during apoptosis. Such investigations require spectroscopic methods which permit high resolution imaging combined with selective probing. Imaging by

Imaging the intracellular degradation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles

• Anne-Kathrin Barthel,
• Martin Dass,
• Melanie Dröge,
• Jens-Michael Cramer,
• Daniela Baumann,
• Markus Urban,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.201

• plate. To prepare the cells for analysis, the following steps were performed. First the cells were washed with PBS, then trypsinized, centrifuged (3 min, 1500 rpm) and stained with 0.2 mg·mL−1 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD, Sigma-Aldrich) as a fluorescence apoptosis marker for 15 min at room temperature

PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system

• Paula M. Castillo,
• Mario de la Mata,
• Maria F. Casula,
• José A. Sánchez-Alcázar and
• Ana P. Zaderenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1312–1319, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.144

• surface modification of the nanoparticles by polyethylene glycol enables loading a large amount of camptothecin. While the unloaded nanoparticles do not induce apoptosis in the H460 lung cancer cell line, the camptothecin-loaded nanoparticle formulations exhibit remarkable pro-apoptotic activity. These

• for their efficiency in inducing apoptosis. Apoptosis was assessed by the occurrence of cells with nuclear condensation and fragmentation by Hoechst staining [46]. In order to compare the apoptotic activity of USM[CPT] and USM-PEG[CPT] formulations, stock solutions were prepared, and suitable amounts

• were taken so that the provided final concentration of CPT was identical to that used in the pure CPT control. According to our results, neither USM nor USM-PEG nanoparticles induce apoptosis in lung cancer cell line cultures H460, while USM[CPT] and USM-PEG[CPT], as well as CPT itself, induced

Nanodiamond-DGEA peptide conjugates for enhanced delivery of doxorubicin to prostate cancer

• Amanee D Salaam,
• Patrick Hwang,
• Roberus McIntosh,
• Hadiyah N Green,
• Ho-Wook Jun and
• Derrick Dean

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 937–945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.107

• current standard of care is chemotherapy, which involves the use of toxic anticancer drugs, like doxorubicin (DOX), to treat cancers by inducing apoptosis. DOX has had high success rates with treating prostate cancer [2]. However, it can cause major side effects such as hair loss, nausea [2][3], and

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• culture model, noting increased apoptosis, decreased cell numbers and decreased implantation rates [37]. So far, AuNP have only been investigated once in a murine in vitro embryo culture model for their influence on blastocyst development [38]. In this study on chitosan nanoparticles morulae were co

• development. The combination of the apoptosis regulator genes BAX, BCL2L2 and TP53 detects even subtle changes regarding apoptotic activity. NANOG and OCT4 are exclusively expressed in cells of the inner cell mass (ICM). Thus, a decrease in mitosis or an interference with the potential to differentiate into

Near-infrared dye loaded polymeric nanoparticles for cancer imaging and therapy and cellular response after laser-induced heating

• Tingjun Lei,
• Alicia Fernandez-Fernandez,
• Romila Manchanda,
• Yen-Chih Huang and
• Anthony J. McGoron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 313–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.35

• often been correlated to a poor therapeutic outcome, since HIF-1 could circumvent the anticancer drug effect by protecting cells from drug-induced apoptosis [12][13][14]. Moreover, tumor angiogenesis occurs partly by activating the expression of VEGF, which is partially regulated by HIF-1 [15][16][17

Magnetic-Fe/Fe₃O₄-nanoparticle-bound SN38 as carboxylesterase-cleavable prodrug for the delivery to tumors within monocytes/macrophages

• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Matthew T. Basel,
• Raj K. Dani,
• Gwi-Moon Seo,
• Sivasai Balivada,
• Marla M. Pyle,
• Heidy Prock,
• Olga B. Koper,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Ping Li,
• Viktor Chikan,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 444–455, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.51

• of cell proliferation at 160 μg/mL. Our aim is the loading of high payloads onto each delivery cell without causing a high level of necrosis or apoptosis of the delivery cells. Even a loading of 320 μg/mL of nanoparticles in the medium inhibits only 50% of the cell proliferation. We are also