Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• aggregation. Furthermore, the nHA synthesized in the W/ETOH system demonstrated functional superiority over commercial hydroxyapatite, achieving a statistically significant reduction in P. aeruginosa biomass of up to 61.8%. Together, structural mimicry, integral biocompatibility, and antibiofilm capacity

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• ± 0.04, a zeta potential of −25.49 ± 1.08 mV and an encapsulation efficiency above 99%, in addition to long-term colloidal stability. Cell viability assays in HaCaT cells showed high biocompatibility, with cell viability above 70% up to 6 mg/mL and only moderate toxicity at 12 mg/mL. In antimicrobial

• nanoencapsulation not only stabilizes breu branco essential oil but also enhances its antimicrobial, regenerative, and immunomodulatory effects, while fostering the sustainable valorization of Amazonian biodiversity. Keywords: biocompatibility; cytokine modulation; drug delivery systems; nanoprecipitation; wound

• cytotoxicity. In HaCaT keratinocytes, P. heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules maintained viability above 70% at all tested concentrations up to 6 mg/mL, supporting their biocompatibility within this range. Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activity was evaluated exclusively against S. aureus, a

Materials challenges in solid-state sensors for continuous monitoring of ions in water

• Maryam Darestani-Farahani and
• Peter Kruse

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 935–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.66

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• glioblastoma), where bypassing the plasma membrane efflux pump is advantageous; it shows good translational promise due to biocompatibility and tunable release control [33]. Gene silencing of ABCB1 via siRNA or CRISPR-loaded nanoparticles is the mechanistically most specific approach and ideal for tumors with

• resensitization in clinical trials. 3.2.1.2 Solid lipid nanoparticles. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are nanoscale structures composed of solid lipids and stabilizing agents. They provide superior biocompatibility and facilitate prolonged drug release [62]. Nonetheless, their utilization is constrained by a

• ]. 3.2.1.3 Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles. Another important class of nanocarriers are lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs), which integrate the advantageous properties of lipids (biocompatibility) and polymers (structural stability). These nanoparticles can exhibit various structural configurations

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• , mechanical properties, and surface composition that need to be considered in the design of the nanoparticles. The choice of core material plays a pivotal role in defining the physicochemical properties, release behavior, biocompatibility, and clinical feasibility of nanoparticle formulations. Various

• of drug types, and some of these nanoparticles share similarities with biological membranes. Their excellent biocompatibility and mucosal tissue affinity position them as strong candidates for mucosal PrEP applications. (3) Inorganic nanoparticles: This group covers nanoparticles from materials such

• requirements of nanosuspensions [39][40][41][42][43][44]. Moreover, the increased biocompatibility and controlled degradation ability of polymers, such as PLGA, reduce the long-term toxicity concerns that are associated with some inorganic particles that exhibit no or slow biodegradation such as gold or silica

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• chemical synthesis offers size control, it typically involves toxic reducing agents, raising biocompatibility concerns [3]. AgNP synthesis using plant extracts has gained attention due to environmental friendliness, but it lacks precise control over size and dispersity of AgNPs. Laser synthesis

• , even though they usually extract higher levels of phytoconstituents [30]. In contrast, aqueous extraction relies on eco-friendly principles that reduce toxicity and support the biocompatibility of the obtained nanoparticles. The high concentration of rosmarinic acid in our extract is particularly

• cells, outlining the concentration limit. Previous studies also showed that the toxicity of AgNPs strongly depends on the size, concentration, and surface modification, and that the synthesis with phytochemicals could reduce their toxicity and improve biocompatibility [43][44]. SageAgNPs6mJ exhibited

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• their environmental friendliness and biocompatibility [41][42]. Green synthesis can be considered an alternative to chemical and physical methods, utilising renewable resources and mild reaction conditions to produce AgNPs with tailored properties [43]. Developing new AgNPs via green synthesis has

• polymers or targeting ligands can enhance stability, dispersibility, and biocompatibility for specific ecological applications [64]. For example, differently capped AgNPs (e.g., PEG, EDTA, PVP, or PVA) exhibited NP size variations, ultimately affecting antimicrobial and sensing applications. PVA provided

Protein-based custom-designed molecular nanotraps for biomedical applications

• Devid Maniglio,
• Alice Marinangeli and
• Alessandra Maria Bossi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 683–687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.47

• , choosing the protein building block among those already in use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, such as gelatin and silk fibroin, ensures biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. Despite these potentials, to date, the use of proteins as building blocks for the preparation of

• ]. Besides, gelatin and GelMA hydrogels exhibit enhanced biocompatibility, making them suitable for biomedical applications, cell scaffolds, wound dressings, and drug delivery [13]. Silk is another promising protein-based material used in tissue engineering [15]. The structure of silk consists of two

Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• polymers provide distinct advantages such as renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, which make them particularly valuable for biomedical applications. Among polysaccharides, cellulose is the most abundant biodegradable polymer [1]. Many researchers have reported on the extraction of

• biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which collectively make it a valuable resource across different applications. In papermaking, bacterial cellulose has been incorporated as a high-strength additive to create fine fiber networks, while also being explored for restoring damaged paper and even in the

• methyl cellulose [67]. The medical sector benefits greatly from cellulose’s natural biocompatibility, while its derivatives and nanocellulose can be produced through chemical modifications or combined physical and chemical treatments, which have further expanded its applications by offering better

Advances in nanotechnology applied to natural products

• Douglas Dourado,
• Fábio Rocha Formiga,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar and
• Franceline Reynaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 555–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.36

• modifications (e.g., polymer or polysaccharide coatings) can be used to tailor stability and biological interactions [16]. These vesicles are attractive due to their biocompatibility and capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic substances [17]. Liposomes have been explored in diverse biomedical

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• previously demonstrated for SSE-based systems [27]. The incorporation of alginate contributes to biocompatibility and creates a hydrogel microenvironment resembling the extracellular matrix, which may favour tissue interaction [33]. The upper layer, composed of a CMC hydrogel containing titanium dioxide

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• ][12]. Biomimetic nanoparticles (BNPs) represent a transformative novel approach for PS delivery [13]. By mimicking biological structures, such as cell membranes, proteins, or endogenous carriers, BNPs enhance PS delivery through improved biocompatibility, immune evasion, and active tumor targeting

• hydrophilicity/lipophilicity ensures selective accumulation in target tissues, such as tumors via the EPR effect, and efficient cellular internalization. Low photobleaching sustains activity during treatment, while biocompatibility and biodegradability reduce adverse effects and enhance the therapeutic index

• mimic their functions belong to the third generation of nanodelivery systems [50]. The first generation of particles was based on surface modifications to reduce the interactions with immune cells and to increase biocompatibility. Among them, biocompatible polymers like PEG and PPE have been widely used

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• polymers can be selectively oxidized to create hydrophilic regions or chemically reactive sites, enabling controlled interactions with proteins, cells, or other biomolecules. However, challenges remain in ensuring that the LAO process does not degrade the material’s biocompatibility or structural integrity

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• medicine, Perini et al. [25] reviewed the importance of biomimetic nanocarriers for drug delivery systems with improved biocompatibility and target specificity, whereas Mohammed et al. [26] focused on biomimetic potential for nanomedicines in tumor therapy. Besides nanotechnological solutions inspired by

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• macroscopic properties such as catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, or environmental persistence. This synergy not only speeds up the discovery process but also allows for continuous refinement of computational models as new data emerge from iterative experimental validation. Moreover, inverse design

• biocompatibility. Similarly, in the field of environmental risk assessment, digital twins simulate how ENMs disperse under varying climatic and ecological conditions and advanced environmental fate models can be utilised to explore the impact of changing conditions or application of mitigation or environmental

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• through pH-sensitive or neutral/zwitterionic designs enhances therapeutic precision, circulation stability, and biocompatibility by enabling controlled drug release while minimising immune recognition and cytotoxicity. CRNs exhibit diverse mechanisms, applications, and advantages that enhance their

• trigger drug release. They show minimal release at physiological temperature, near-complete release under hyperthermia, and excellent tumour-targeting efficacy with high biocompatibility [66]. Iron oxide nanocubes coated with a thermoresponsive polymer (TR-DOXO) enabled magnetic-hyperthermia-triggered

• nanohydrogel, with excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, which holds strong potential as a doxorubicin drug carrier for targeted nuclear delivery in cancer therapy [71]. The charge-reversal DOX@MSNs-COS-CMC nanocarrier designed by Cui et al. for targeted delivery, demonstrated enhanced uptake and

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• drug accumulation in tumor tissue through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby reducing cytotoxic exposure to healthy tissues and minimizing side effects [6]. Liposomes have promising characteristics due to their biocompatibility and their ability to carry both hydrophilic and

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and stable optical and chemical properties. Additionally, given the conditions commonly presented in biological samples, these materials should also remain unaffected by changes in pH, concentration, ionic strength, and viscosity [1]. Traditional thermometers are macroscopic

• demonstrated volumetric temperature measurements in C. elegans by combining LSFM with lipid-coated NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles. The lipid coating strategy proved crucial, enhancing biocompatibility and colloidal stability while enabling precise localization of the thermal probes within the

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• unique magnetic properties, small size, and biocompatibility, which enable them to be used in a wide range of biomedical applications. These applications include magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic separation, targeted drug delivery, and hyperthermia [1][2]. Magnetic hyperthermia has been extensively

• development of magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced SAR and improved biocompatibility has been a major objective in the field of nanomedicine. Among the various materials used for magnetic hyperthermia, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), such as magnetite (Fe3−δO4) and maghemite (γ-Fe2O3

• ), have been extensively studied due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and ease of synthesis [5]. However, SPIONs face several challenges related to their relatively low saturation magnetization (Ms) and specific loss power (SLP), which limit their effectiveness in hyperthermia applications

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• properties on particle size and shape has been demonstrated for particle sizes in the 1–100 nm range and on biological interfaces [7]. Limited biocompatibility and high tendency to aggregate in solution inspired new mechanisms of particle biofunctionalization with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. Coupling

• carbohydrates to AuNPs provides particle stability and biocompatibility and allows for studying carbohydrate-mediated interactions and designing novel carbohydrate-based antiviral agents [8][9]. From a molecular point of view, glyconanoparticles are water-soluble gold nanoclusters with a three-dimensional

• sensing, imaging, or drug delivery systems. The success of these platforms stems from their dispersion in water, stability, and biocompatibility in fully hydrated states, as well as in biological fluids. Our investigation shows a novel approach to these particles by testing the hydration properties under

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• were incorporated into the formulation within their commonly employed concentration ranges [36]. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC, 1.5% w/w) was added as a gelling agent owing to its excellent biocompatibility, ease of dispersion in aqueous systems, and ability to enhance viscosity without

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• Humicola sp. in biomedical applications were investigated. Cancer experiments were carried out using breast cancer and Burkitt’s lymphoma cancer cells, while the biocompatibility tests of α-AgS nanoparticles were also conducted using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) [18]. Additionally

• biofunctional characteristics relevant to biomedical applications. Despite these promising findings, the results are limited to in vitro assays. Future work should therefore prioritize in vivo validation, mechanistic studies, and surface engineering strategies to enhance biocompatibility and therapeutic

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• nanotubes, and carbon dots, have attracted considerable interest as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their high surface area, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface chemistry make them highly attractive for a range of biomedical applications. However, concerns

• nanomaterials (CNMs) have been largely developed as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, high surface area, tuneable physicochemical properties, and targeting capabilities [13][14]. However, CNMs also present a subset of challenges, including toxicity concerns, expensive and time

• stabilising surface coatings are employed to preserve nanoparticle stability over time. The degree of functionalisation is also a key consideration as surface modifications can enhance solubility, targeting ability, and biocompatibility. Consistent functionalisation is necessary to ensure reproducibility and

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• degradation, and moderate hydrophilicity, but also biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and non-carcinogenicity [5]. Adhering to these critical quality requirements for biomedical products, polylactic acid (PLA) was selected for nanofiber production. This biotechnologically derived aliphatic polyester is a rigid

• thermoplastic known for its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioabsorbability [20][21]. Highly attractive due to its versatile physical, chemical, and biological properties, PLA is a suitable option for manufacturing tissue engineering scaffolds, implantable devices, and drug delivery systems, holding

• applications and naturally occurring in vertebrates [26][27]. It is a key element of the extracellular matrix, providing a gelatinous structure where collagen and elastin fibers are embedded. As an endogenous molecule, it demonstrates ideal biocompatibility and full absorption by human tissues. Its natural