Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• hypertrophy and parasite load, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and the levels and activities of cardiopathogenic biomarker enzymes and cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and CCL5), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and inducible enzymes (cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase) implicated

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• et al. for the detection and quantification of the cardiac disease-associated biomarker troponin I through photothermal and nanozymatic principles [79]. Fe3O4@Au core–shell nanostructures exhibit excellent photothermal conversion and magnetic properties, which have been studied regarding in vivo

Prediction of cytotoxicity of heavy metals adsorbed on nano-TiO₂ with periodic table descriptors using machine learning approaches

• Joyita Roy,
• Souvik Pore and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 939–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.77

• toxicity through an ionic mechanism followed by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Another, biomarker for ROS is lipid peroxidation [38] as free radicals cause lipid peroxidation inside the cell membrane. The catalytic properties of the metals are also responsible for an increased toxicity of

• metals. The co-exposure may also be affected by dose variations at the biomarker level. Also, co-exposure in humans was found to lead to more profound renal damage than exposure to each of the elements alone. Hence, to elucidate the features responsible for the toxicity, in the present study, ML

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• , however, leads to apoptosis [58]. Conversely, Ki-67 is an important proliferative and prognostic cancer biomarker expressed in the nucleus during the cell cycle. It is important for cell division and biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA and it is variably expressed throughout the cell cycle (high in the G2/M

• phase and low in G1 and S phases). High expression of Ki-67 usually contributes to poor survival rates in cancer patients [59]. In this study, the effect of the treatment with drug-loaded MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) NPs (IC50 doses) on cancer biomarker expression levels was evaluated via ICC (Figure 7d

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• should also be easy to fabricate at reduced cost. In addition, the surface functionalization needs to guarantee the selection, detection and quantification of a target molecule, e.g., a biomarker [1][2][3] or a pollutant [4][5] dissolved in complex media such as blood, plasma, urine, or river and sea

Nanoarchitectonics: bottom-up creation of functional materials and systems

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 450–452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.36

• prostate-specific antigen biomarker was expedited by application of advanced data processing and computational tools [34]. The molecular architecture plays a crucial role for obtaining high sensitivity and specificity in immunosensors, thus tools which speed up the ability to analyze the large amounts of

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• cancer biomarker. We discuss the main mechanisms of the assays that either are assisted by DNA-based molecular machines or by enzymatic reactions, summarize their performance and provide an outlook towards future developments. Keywords: amplification reactions; biomarkers; colorimetric biosensing; gold

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• -fetoprotein (AFP) is the most commonly used biomarker for early screening and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, a combination of three techniques (click chemistry, the biotin–streptavidin–biotin sandwich strategy and the use of antigen–antibody interactions) were combined to implement a

• was spotted onto them via microchannel cantilever spotting (µCS). Based on the fluorescence measurements, the optimal microarray design was found and its sensitivity was determined. Keywords: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); cancer biomarker; click chemistry; fluorescent immunosensor; hepatocellular

• categories: imaging and biomarker tests. Cancer biomarkers are measurable molecules or substances observed in cells, tissues or body fluids, and their level predicts the presence of cancer or even indicates the stage of cancer. The measurement of biomarkers always leads to a specific numeric value, and the

Multiwalled carbon nanotube based aromatic volatile organic compound sensor: sensitivity enhancement through 1-hexadecanethiol functionalisation

• Nadra Bohli,
• Meryem Belkilani,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2364–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.227

• of trace concentrations of toluene in exhaled breath is associated with lung cancer and can therefore be considered as a biomarker for this pathology [2][3][4]. A gas sensor is generally composed of an active sensing film or material deposited on an electrode. The sensing performance is strongly

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• treatment for determining biomarkers in real samples. In this paper, we report an immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based microfluidic sensor (INμ-SPCE) for the amperometric detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker, the data of which were treated with information visualization methods. The INμ

• , respectively. This can be seen by the location of the sandwich-type immunosensing data for these cells in Figure 5. Conclusion In this paper, we leverage sensing technologies to achieve ultrahigh sensitivity in detecting the prostate cancer biomarker PSA by using MNPs to capture PSA in a pre-concentration

• polyclonal antibody, (3) capture of biomarker by the bioconjugate, (4) sandwich formation by injection of the biomarker captured by Ab2-MNP-HRP in the microfluidic system. The first step included the deposition of a bilayer of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PDDA) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated with

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• emission. ZnO is the only metal oxide reported to host single-photon emitting defects at room temperature and was recently shown to exhibit stable fluorescence when uptaken into skin cells, making it a viable biomarker [11]. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a well-studied wide-bandgap semiconductor, its

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• stimulus, making this technique operationally simple. Such stimuli can be a disease biomarker or changes in the cell chemical environment. In particular, intracellular pH plays a significant role in the physiological cellular activity indicating their health. Thus, a change in H+ can indicate physiological

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• unique molecular tumor marker [88]. The contrast agents consisting of a targeting agent conjugated with optically active labels (metal nanoparticles, quantum dots) can be used for in vivo imaging of this biomarker. Sokolov et al [89] reported the use of gold nanoparticles for the molecular targeted

• imaging of the specific biomarker of cervical cancer. The bioconjugates of gold nanoparticles (approximately 12 nm in diameter) with antibodies against EGFR have been used to increase the contrast during in vitro confocal reflectance and confocal fluorescence imaging of normal and abnormal cervical cells

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• have been considered as promising biomarker for early cancer detection [8][9]. There are already numerous reports that specify various miRNAs involved in GC tumorigenesis such as miR-106a [3]. miR-106a belongs to the miR-17 family and is an oncogenic member of miR-106a-363 cluster which is located on

• , the simple and sensitive miR-106a nanobiosensor proposed here may be well suited for the early detection of GC. Results and Discussion In this study, a simple efficient nanobiosensor was developed to detect trace amounts of miR-106a as a reliable biomarker for GC. With the combination of a well

• expression of cancer-associated miRNA-106a in serum can be screened as a valuable non-invasive biomarker of GC. However, quantification methodologies are only useful if they are able to detect miRNA in serum, despite of background noises generated from serum factors. Table 1 shows the analyses of spiked

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• the most important outputs from different kinds of genotoxicity tests. Specifically, the “Parameter Value [Biomarker]” was designed to record the, test specific, biomarker whose increase relative to control values (“Measurement Value [mean(increase in biomarker level)]”) would be determined for

• nanomaterial exposed samples. For example, “Parameter Value [Biomarker]” might report “micronuclei” or “number of revertants” if the method employed was the micronucleus test [94] or Ames test [95][96] respectively. Since the results obtained for different sample preparation conditions (e.g., different tested

• capture sub-lethal cytotoxicity data is similar to the design of the genotoxicity Assay file template discussed above: the “Parameter Value [Biomarker]” column entries would state, for example, “glutathione” (depending upon the assay), with “Measurement Value […]” columns recording the “increase in

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• fractal gold nanostructures for electrodes endowed with very large surface areas useful for the sensitive detection of apolipoprotein E, which is a protein biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease [18]. The preparation of the platforms was achieved in a straightforward manner in few steps. Firstly, home-prepared

Synthesis of radioactively labelled CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dots for in vivo experiments

• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Christoph Bauer,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Jörg Heeren,
• Stephen G. Hickey and
• Alexander Eychmüller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2383–2387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.247

• phase transfer of the QDs. Keywords: biomarker; CdSe/CdS/ZnS; quantum dots; radioactive labelling; 65Zn; Introduction Two decades of research and investigation in the field of luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles, also known as quantum dots (QDs), have now passed since the fundamental work of

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• . Osteocalcin is a suitable biomarker for osteogenic differentiation when differentiation is analyzed after a prolonged period of three weeks under differentiating conditions. Although alkaline phosphatase activity occurs earlier, osteocalcin expression is detectable in MSCs after the first week of osteogenic

• biomarker aggrecan in the presence or absence of Ag-NP/Ag+ ions was measured by using ELISA (Figure 10). The structural proteoglycan aggrecan is found in the extracellular matrix of cartilage and is a suitable biomarker for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs at late time points (at least three weeks), as

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• phosphorylation was detected after 7 h of exposure whereas LDH and IL-8 release were monitored after 24 h, a more detailed kinetic analysis is needed to substantiate a possibly different regulation of this biomarker in response to SiO2-50 nm NPs. Our studies on the biological effects of Aerosil200 under submerged

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• -malignant cells. This underlines the diagnostic character of stiffness that can be used as a biomarker of bladder cancer. Similar stiffness levels, observed for cancerous cells, cannot be fully explained by the organization of the actin cytoskeleton since it is different in all malignant cells. Our results

• progression. This makes the cell stiffness a powerful biomarker for detecting cancer-related alterations in human bladder tumors. Conclusion Nanomechanical measurements performed with a force microscope at the single cell level have been applied to characterize the elastic properties of human bladder cancer

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• -assembled clusters, and the consequent increase in cross-sectional area of the particles shortens T2 relaxation times. DMR assay configurations Analogous to MRI, DMR exploits targeted MNPs to modulate the spin–spin T2 relaxation time of biological samples. Depending on the size of the target biomarker, DMR

• antibodies/nanoparticles resulted in higher nanoparticle binding to cells. In comparison to alternative standard techniques, such as the avidin/biotin method, BOND-2 not only amplifies the biomarker signals but also significantly improves the detection sensitivity. Moreover, this platform is broadly

• bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein as a control did not elicit any change in T2 (Figure 5b). More recently, MRSw biosensors, capable of detecting soluble tumor biomarker proteins (such as CA-125, VEGF, and α-fetoprotein) were described, and used for parallel detection of multiple markers in blood samples