Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• oxide (SiOx) patterns are in the single/double-digit nanometer-range [8]. The principle of LAO-AFM is the following: A water meniscus is formed in humid air when the tip comes to close proximity to the surface due to capillary condensation. The formation of the water meniscus can be triggered in non

The capillary adhesion technique: a versatile method for determining the liquid adhesion force and sample stiffness

• Daniel Gandyra,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Stanislav Gorb,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 11–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.2

• also resulted in the measurement of an elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) for individual hairs of 3.0 × 105 N/cm2, which is within the typical range known for human hair. (3) Finally, the accuracy and validity of the capillary adhesion technique was proven by examining calibrated atomic force microscopy

• cantilevers, reproducing the spring constants calibrated using other methods. Keywords: adhesion; AFM cantilever; air layer; capillary forces; hairs; measurement; micromechanical systems; microstructures; Salvinia effect; Salvinia molesta; sensors; stiffness; superhydrophobic surfaces; Introduction Surface

• precise, simultaneous measurement of both the elastic and the adhesive properties of small mechanical systems is not trivial. Here, we present a novel technique, the capillary adhesion technique (CAT), for the combined determination of the adhesion force of a single small structural entity to a liquid and

Poly(styrene)/oligo(fluorene)-intercalated fluoromica hybrids: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly

• Giuseppe Leone,
• Francesco Galeotti,
• William Porzio,
• Guido Scavia,
• Luisa Barba,
• Gianmichele Arrighetti,
• Giovanni Ricci,
• Chiara Botta and
• Umberto Giovanella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2450–2458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.254

• electron storage ring was monochromatized by a Si(111) double crystal monochromator, focused on the sample and collimated by a double set of slits giving a spot size of 0.2 × 0.2 mm. Both spin-coated films (50–80 nm thick) and powders inserted into a sealed capillary were examined at 25 °C. The beam was

Aquatic versus terrestrial attachment: Water makes a difference

• Petra Ditsche and
• Adam P. Summers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2424–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.252

• , lock, clamp and spacer) significant differences have to be considered under water. For example, the main principles of dry adhesion, van der Waals forces and chemical bonding, which make a gecko stick to the ceiling, are weak under submerged conditions. Capillary forces are very important for wet

• in a terrestrial environment, especially in form of capillary forces. The aquatic or immersed environment is one in which water surrounds the organism completely, or at least the entire attachment organ and the attachment surface. Here, water plays a central role and must be considered to be

• [19][39]. If a fluid film is present, we have the conditions of wet adhesion. In wet adhesion two other forces contribute considerably to adhesion: (vi) capillary forces, and (vii) viscous forces. The latter is often called Stefan adhesion. A special case of wet adhesion is the secretion of adhesives

Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles and their burrowing into Si due to synergistic effects of ion beam energy losses

• Pravin Kumar,
• Udai Bhan Singh,
• Kedar Mal,
• Sunil Ojha,
• Indra Sulania,
• Dinakar Kanjilal,
• Dinesh Singh and
• Vidya Nand Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1864–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.197

• islands [20][28]. However, other effects such as ion-induced viscous flow, recoil implantation and thermodynamically driven capillary forces can also contribute to the formation of the buried NPs. When the ion beams with high electronic energy loss (dominates at high energies) pass through the material, a

• coupling. The melting of materials along the ion trajectory generates a surface tension gradient due to an imbalance of the surface and the interface energies, which further gives rise to mass transport through capillary action. The migration of metallic atoms and subsequent agglomeration can result in the

Probing viscoelastic surfaces with bimodal tapping-mode atomic force microscopy: Underlying physics and observables for a standard linear solid model

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1649–1663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.176

• can obscure or hinder the measurement of viscoelasticity by using intermittent-contact methods. Well-known interactions of this type include capillary forces [44], plastic behaviors [45], chemical adhesion and topographical artifacts [46] and even geometry-driven physical adhesion artifacts. As

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• . Many cell types such as the capillary endothelium, type I epithelial cells, muscle cells as well as fibroblasts, exhibit caveolin-mediated endocytosis, which occurs at the site of the lipid rafts [20][26]. These rafts are plasma membrane regions (subdomains), which consist of glycosphingolipids and

• observed in several cell types including capillary endothelium, type I alveolar epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts [20]. Therefore, this result supports the cell type specific mechanism of this uptake. The colocalization of clathrin heavy chain and the 40 nm PS NP fluorescence in the

From sticky to slippery: Biological and biologically-inspired adhesion and friction

• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1450–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.157

• Beilstein-Institut for their continuous great support. Stanislav N. Gorb and Kerstin Koch Kiel and Kleve, July 2014 Different physical phenomena contribute to adhesion and friction in biological systems. From left to right: intermolecular van der Waals (vdW) interactions, chemical bonding, capillary

The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• and directly analysed by using confocal imaging. Liver sinusoids were visualized by the reflection mode in the unstained tissue and the capillary lumen is surrounded by dashed lines. In the wild type situation, QDs-derived fluorescence were found in Kupffer cells, which are located within the lumen of

Surface topography and contact mechanics of dry and wet human skin

• Alexander E. Kovalev,
• Kirstin Dening,
• Bo N. J. Persson and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1341–1348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.147

• elastic bodies. The big increase in friction, which has been observed for glass sliding on wet skin as the skin dries up, can be explained as result of the increase in the contact area arising from the attraction of capillary bridges. Finally, we demonstrated that the real contact area can be properly

• sliding on different surfaces [19], during which for sliding velocities of the order of cm/s the frictional shear stress is typically of the order of 2–8 MPa. Capillary adhesion In this section we evaluate different factors determining the tribological behaviour of wet skin, which is described in [3

• is exactly the time period necessary for the friction to return to the dry state value (Figure 7). The sharp increase of the friction coefficient that appears as the water evaporates, Figure 7, might result from the increase in the area of real contact arising from the attractive force of capillary

Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg–Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties

• Amaury Pérez-Verdejo,
• Alvaro Sampieri,
• Heriberto Pfeiffer,
• Mayra Ruiz-Reyes,
• Juana-Deisy Santamaría and
• Geolar Fetter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.136

• prepared composites and the SBA-15 show H1 hysteresis loops due to the N2 capillary condensation. It also denotes that the pores present a cylindrical form and narrow size distribution (Figure 1B). Calcined Mg–Al hydrotalcite shows a N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm with a wide hysteresis loop (H3 type

• behavior observed in the (Mg/Al)/SBA is manly, a capillary condensation in intra-wall micropores. Some experiments were carried out at different RH (20, 40, 60 or 80%) through a continuous increase of the temperature from 35 to 70 °C to determine the maximum capacity of the water vapor adsorption of the HT

Topology assisted self-organization of colloidal nanoparticles: application to 2D large-scale nanomastering

• Hind Kadiri,
• Serguei Kostcheev,
• Daniel Turover,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel,
• Komla Nomenyo,
• Anisha Gokarna and
• Gilles Lerondel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1203–1209, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.132

• particles. Direct observation shows that the main factor responsible for the ordering to occur in two dimensions is the capillary force, which is related to the evaporation rate. Therefore, the control of the evaporation rate can result in the formation of either a monolayer or multilayers [21]. The

Physical principles of fluid-mediated insect attachment - Shouldn’t insects slip?

• Jan-Henning Dirks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1160–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.127

• , undeformable disk and substrate with a mediating continuous fluid-layer (see Figure 2 and [30][38][39][40][41][42]). In this simple model, the total adhesive force is basically the sum of three components: the surface tension of the fluid, the Laplace pressure (both often combined as “capillary forces”) and

• characteristic “features” of insect adhesion (see Table 1). For example, looking only at the Laplace term in Equation 2 one can predict that an increasing fluid height h between adhesive pad and surface would result in decreasing capillary adhesive forces. As a consequence, insects and all organisms with fluid

• -mediated attachment organs should minimize the secretion of adhesive fluid into the contact area to increase capillary adhesion on smooth surfaces. However, and this is where the simple “wet adhesion model” starts to fall short when used to model insect attachment, only very few natural surfaces are

Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants

• Carolina Gil-Lozano,
• Elisabeth Losa-Adams,
• Alfonso F.-Dávila and
• Luis Gago-Duport

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 855–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.97

• decoloration (degradation) of CuPc was monitored by tracking the absorbance at 630 nm, using fiber optic UV–vis spectrometry (Black-comet, Stellarnet). A liquid waveguide capillary flow cell (LWCC; path length: 250 cm; WPI), was connected to the batch reactor by a peristaltic pump (masterflex pump system, Cole

• 27 h. b) UV-vis spectrum of the peak at 5.7 minutes (λmax: 217 nm). Proposed reaction mechanisms for the generation of H2O2 and for the oxidative degradation of CuPc by OH•. Experimental set-up using a liquid waveguide capillary flow cell (LWCC). Acknowledgements This research was funded by the

Fibrillar adhesion with no clusterisation: Functional significance of material gradient along adhesive setae of insects

• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Alexander E. Filippov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 837–845, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.95

• capillary forces. For the sake of simplicity we simulate it by the gradient of Morse potential UvdW(r) = U0(1 – exp(−r/r0))2, where r is a distance between the end of fiber and surface, with physically reasonable amplitude U0 = 10 nN·nm and the minimum located at the distance r0 = 0.01 µm from the surface

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• away, the inner magnetization of nanoparticles disappears, and therefore their agglomeration, which carries the risk of embolization of the capillary vessels, can be avoided [3]. A key issue for enhancing of permeability of iron oxide nanoparticles through the cell membrane is the modification of their

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to aromatic hydrocarbons by using an iron/iron oxide nanocatalyst

• Hongwang Wang,
• Jim Hodgson,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Xiaorong Wu,
• Myles Ikenberry,
• Deryl L. Troyer,
• Donghai Wang,
• Keith L. Hohn and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 760–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.88

• GC–MS. The reaction temperature was between 380 °C and 520 °C. GC–MS analysis was carried out on an Agilent Technologies 7890A GC/5975C VL MSD with triple-axis detector using a HP5 capillary column. The compounds were identified by comparing their MS spectra with the standards in the Wiley data base

Adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode: An in situ IR spectroscopy search for adsorbed reaction intermediates

• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 747–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.87

• was connected to the outlet of the cell via a Teflon capillary. To enable electrolyte exchange, two separate electrolyte supply bottles containing the supporting electrolyte (0.5 M HClO4) and 0.1 M formaldehyde solution in the same supporting electrolyte, respectively, were connected to the common

• mm thickness, inner diameter 12 mm, exposed electrode area ca. 1 cm2, roughness factor ca. 5) to obtain a thin layer of electrolyte which can be effectively exchanged and allows a well defined mass transport from the inlet capillary positioned in the center of the cell body to six surrounding outlet

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• injection, as displayed in Figure 2B. This is due to the transjector, which operates with backpressure and always causes a minimal flow through the tip of the capillary. Particles could be followed up all the way to the blastocyst stage (Figure 2E). However, due to an increased background the offset needed

• microscope (Zeiss Axiovert 35M) equipped with micromanipulators. NPs at a final concentration of 50 µg/mL in distilled water were backfilled in glass injection capillaries. Individual 2-cell embryos were fixed by suction to a holding pipette, while the injection capillary was pushed through the Zona

Biocalcite, a multifunctional inorganic polymer: Building block for calcareous sponge spicules and bioseed for the synthesis of calcium phosphate-based bone

• Xiaohong Wang,
• Heinz C. Schröder and
• Werner E. G. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 610–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.72

• SaOS-2 cells into the Na alginate, with the indicated supplements, and allowed the matrix to be passed through the capillary of the 3D printer (Figure 6). The arrays of strands were computed to 4 mm high blocks into which the cells remained viable and retained the capacity to form mineral crystallites

• (supplemented with biosilica or bicarbonate) through a capillary in a meander-like pattern. This matrix contained SaOS-2 cells (Sa-2). (A-b and A-c) The blocks formed were incubated in medium into which RAW 264.7 cells (RAW) had been suspended. (B) Part of the bioplotter showing the capillary (cap) through

Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts

• Michaela Nebel,
• Thomas Erichsen and
• Wolfgang Schuhmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 141–151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.14

• used. The platinum of the fabricated SECM tips was exposed by cutting the very end of the pulled Pt/capillary assembly with a blade under microscopic control (BX41, Olympus, Hamburg, Germany). For polishing a machine like in [42] was used. The electrodes were characterized by means of optical

Exploring the retention properties of CaF₂ nanoparticles as possible additives for dental care application with tapping-mode atomic force microscope in liquid

• Matthias Wasem,
• Joachim Köser,
• Sylvia Hess,
• Enrico Gnecco and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 36–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.4

• manipulation, i.e., the collision between the probing tip and the particle, the friction between the particles and the substrate, the role of water when measuring in ambient (lubrication, capillary effects, etc.), electrostatics between them, etc. The high surface to volume ratio of nanoparticles makes them

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• -beam SEM/FIB microscope (FEI, Nova Nanolab 600) equipped with a Schottky electron emitter. The precursor gases are introduced into the high-vacuum chamber via a gas injection system through a thin capillary (diameter = 0.5 mm) in close proximity to the focus of the electron beam. As a substrate

Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Estelle Kalfon-Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 815–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.93

• depth is limited [36][37][38][39]. Whereas limiting indentations to the nanoscale justifies ignoring some types of inhomogeneities, the influence of small, intrinsic adhesion forces is enhanced. The presence of capillary and adhesive forces changes the contact profile and modifies the force acting

• [82][94]. One caveat arising from the modulation techniques is that the phase lag signal carries information on additional dissipative processes other than viscoelastic energy dissipation, such as surface adhesion and capillary forces [95]. “On-the-fly” measurements of dissipation, which integrate the

• water that is sufficient for increasing the capillary and possibly van der Waals interaction. Any additional adhesion will act to increase the hysteresis in the force–distance curve and thus complicate the application of simple mechanical models. In addition to these environmental effects, the

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• ). After filling of the reservoir on the SPT with the dye solution, it is brought into contact with the substrate surface for a defined dwell time to allow a flow to the substrate by capillary forces. The SPT is retracted and moved to the next spotting position. The process of relocation, contacting and