Comparison of four functionalization methods of gold nanoparticles for enhancing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

• Paula Ciaurriz,
• Fátima Fernández,
• Edurne Tellechea,
• Jose F. Moran and
• Aaron C. Asensio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 244–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.27

• -polyethylene glycol-dithiol, was used to control the orientation of the molecules on the surface of the nanoparticle. Hydrazide is able to react with aldehyde groups that can be generated by oxidizing the carbohydrates of glycosylated proteins, such as antibodies [20]. For this purpose, antibody and HRP

• carbohydrates were oxidized with periodate in order to attach the mentioned linker at the Fc region of the antibody. Modified HRP and antibodies were mixed with the AuNPs, triggering a covalent binding. HRP/Ab ratio optimization for direct adsorption and directional conjugation In order to elucidate the best

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• have revealed that they form heterogeneous (emulsion-like) mixtures of aliphatic lipids, carbohydrates and proteins [4][15][16][17][18][19]. Adhesive secretions may form both oil-in-water (o/w) [20][21][22] or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions [14][23]. Possible functional advantages lie in (i) their

• acids and carbohydrates. The general composition of the emulsions and assignment to the used abbreviations is summarized in Table 1. Although emulsions are very common in technical applications and have extensively been examined, it is still not trivial to properly prepare and characterize them. The

• their phase volume ratios and droplet-size distributions. Their adhesive and frictional performances were determined by nanotribometric measurements. We thus aimed at clarifying the influence of the various chemical compounds such as lipids, proteins and carbohydrates on the tribometric and rheological

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• serves to functionalize the nanoclusters. The resulting non-cytotoxic nanoclusters are taken up by cells and constitute a tuneable platform for biomedical applications including drug delivery. Keywords: biomedical applications; carbohydrates; functionalization; gold nanoclusters; robust; Findings

• carbohydrates [13], proteins [14], antibodies [15] and DNA [16] are commonly used as multivalent materials for biological studies. Gold nanoparticles have been used in vivo as radiotracers [15][17], for targeted delivery [18] and, when functionalized with carboxylic acids, inhibit β-amyloid fibril growth

• 2856 and 2925 cm−1. Apparently, all carbohydrates reacted as no S–H peaks were observed (Figure S11, Supporting Information File 1). Functional evidence for the formation of Glc-NC@Man was obtained by aggregating Glc-NC@Man with the addition of the mannose-binding lectin concanavalin A (ConA

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and neurons, and found to be effective nano-carriers for several biomolecules such as proteins, DNA and carbohydrates [4]. Recently, MLG/CNT–polymer nanocomposites have been explored as scaffolds for cell growth and load-bearing implant materials for replacing defective human

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• water for weeks. The carbohydrates provide specific molecular recognition sites on cell membranes. The [G-2] Man-coated BNNTs were incubated with the R-mannose-specific receptor Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A). To observe the fluorescence of this complex, they were conjugated with fluorescein

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• the ionic liquid-based process yields materials that are potentially useful as scaffolds for regenerative therapies. Keywords: biomineralization; calcium phosphate; carbohydrates; cellulose; hybrid materials; ionic liquid; Introduction One of the key advantages of carbohydrates, especially cellulose

• the chemical composition of these materials is different from the original biomaterial [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Unfortunately, the synthesis of carbohydrate-based hybrid materials is not straightforward. This is due to the fact that many carbohydrates exhibit low solubilities in aqueous media. Aqueous

• solutions, however, are the most commonly used media for calcium phosphate mineralization [12][13]. As a result, mineralization of carbohydrates often yields heterogeneous materials with properties that are not suited for an application. In spite of this, a number of authors have reported the successful

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• . PGM catalysts exhibit low catalytic activity in electrooxidadion of carbohydrates. The oxidation of glucose in 1 M KOH in alkaline liquid fuel cells with a PtRu electrocatalyst generates gluconic acid (two-electron process) and 1. 4 mW/cm2 peak power [118]. The use of a Pt/C anode with a cobalt

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• cell culture medium. Hence, the tested concentrations of ions, carbohydrates and supplements, such as vitamins, did not significantly affect the ASP profiles. Albeit other (bio)molecules besides proteins are known or at least discussed to adsorb to NP [7][40], their impact on the physico-chemical

Molecular biology approaches in bioadhesion research

• Marcelo Rodrigues,
• Birgit Lengerer,
• Thomas Ostermann and
• Peter Ladurner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 983–993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.112

• ) allows for the elucidation of selected genes by their manipulation in vivo. These tools provide highly detailed molecular information about the adhesive-related proteins. This would impact mainly research on permanent adhesives made up of a combination of carbohydrates and proteins. Indeed, even

FTIR nanobiosensors for Escherichia coli detection

• Stefania Mura,
• Gianfranco Greppi,
• Maria Laura Marongiu,
• Pier Paolo Roggero,
• Sandeep P. Ravindranath,
• Lisa J. Mauer,
• Nicoletta Schibeci,
• Francesco Perria,
• Massimo Piccinini,
• Plinio Innocenzi and
• Joseph Irudayaraj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 485–492, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.55

• , and carbohydrates, and their mid-infrared (MIR) spectra can be used for the identification and structural characterization of different pathogens and subspecies [27]. MIR spectra are additive and sensitive, and allow the fingerprinting and quantification of the pathogen of interest, transforming the

• 1402–1457 cm−1, bands due to carbohydrates, glycoproteins, lipids and their characteristic C–O–H in-plane bending peaks and C(CH3)2 symmetric stretching were present. Finally, in the range 900–1100 cm−1, peaks due to the DNA/RNA backbone and phosphate groups of nucleic acids due to the symmetric and

Glassy carbon electrodes modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the determination of ascorbic acid by square-wave voltammetry

• Sushil Kumar and
• Victoria Vicente-Beckett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 388–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.45

• in the presence of AA [17]. Jacobs et al. [19] reviewed the use of MWCNTs to obtain enhanced signals in the detection of substances such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, glucose, pesticides, and serotonin, with similar reports relating to trace metals [20] and nitroaromatic compounds [21]. This study