A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• hydrothermal process with glucose as a precursor undergoing carbonization. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to analyze the optical characteristics of GQDs, including UV–visible, photoluminescence, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray

• 1380 cm−1 to C–H vibrations of alkyl groups [37]. It can be inferred that the surface of GQDs is passivated by surface groups that occur during the carbonization of glucose. The Raman spectrum of the GQDs in the spectral range of 1000–2000 cm−1 without any baseline correction displays typical D (ca

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• of SiC nanomaterials through surface carbonization of SiC nanowires and hydrolysis. SiC@C-ZnO composites were synthesized with different dosages of ZnNO3·6H2O. Composition, microstructure, and electromagnetic properties of the composites were characterized and analyzed. Results from TEM and XRD show

• ]. Nevertheless, the EM absorption of most SiC-based absorbers with heterostructures is far from satisfactory [21][22][23]. In our previous work, SiC@C nanowires have been successfully obtained by surface carbonization of SiC nanowires [24]. Carbon materials are prone to bond with other dielectric or magnetic

• properties of the SCZ samples is discussed in detail. Experimental Preparation of SiC@C nanowires The synthesis of SiC@C was described in our previous work [24]. The synthesis temperature has been fixed to 800 °C for 1 h for the carbonization of SiCnw. Fabrication of SiC@C-ZnO hybrids Different amounts of

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• material is oxidized and broken down into CDs using oxidants such as sulfuric acid and nitric acid. As green methods are limited regarding the raw materials, the “top-down” method is not very common in green approaches [3][50]. The “bottom-up” method consist of carbonization of smaller organic molecules

• . This method basically involves four phases, that is, condensation of the molecules followed by polymerization, carbonization, and passivation. Small molecules are condensed into intermediate chains and then polymerized into clusters of carbonaceous material. Carbonization of this material at elevated

• temperatures leads to the formation of carbon cores. The residual groups on the surface act as surface-passivating agents and can be manipulated to ameliorate surface luminescence properties [38]. Biomass is rich in small organic compounds suitable for carbonization at elevated temperature and, hence, “bottom

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• micromechanical oscillators via EB irradiation which contradicts the model of EB-induced carbonization as a simple process of adding carbon mass to the irradiated area [32]. Doubly clamped beams made of Au85Pd15 were irradiated by EB and their resonance frequency increased with exposure time and beam current due

• to EB-induced carbonization. However, changing the position of the EB along the oscillator did not affect their resonance frequency, which should be the case if carbonization was happening locally. There is a potential for carbon and carbon-metal based nanostructured systems to be used in different

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• ratio of Zn/Co (x/y = 1/4, 1/1, and 4/1) in the starting materials. After carbonization at 900 °C and chemical etching with 1 M H2SO4, bimetallic ZnxCoy–C/CNT composites were successfully obtained to be used as cathode materials for LOBs. Figure 1b–d shows the morphologies of bimetallic Zn4Co1, Zn1Co1

• -step growth mechanism (i.e., nucleation and growth) [39]. The different formation mechanisms are mainly responsible for determining the particle sizes of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67. After carbonization and chemical etching processes, we obtained a series of ZnxCoy–C/CNT composites, as shown in Figure 1e–1g, in

• the carbonization process. After the carbonization and chemical etching processes, the sizes of the ZnxCoy particles were slightly decreased due to the thermal evaporation of organic linkers and metal ions, maintaining free spaces in the particles. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• ]. In the 1970s, G. M. Jenkins and K. Kawamura examined the structure of glassy carbon [7]. They noted, “the lack of information about the starting materials and the carbonization process given by manufacturers precludes the elucidation of the structure of the material; it is necessary to study

• carbonization mechanisms in well-defined starting materials.” E. E. Hucke and his team in their 1972 report on glassy carbons [8] state, “from data previously available in the literature and the early results of this program, it has become obvious that “glassy carbon” is not a single material, since even though

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• carbon matrix was obtained through carbonization of a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). The cathode exhibits good performance with a reversible specific capacity of 500 mAh·g−1 after 250 cycles at 0.2C. The excellent electrochemical behavior is based on the efficient polysulfide entrapment as

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• application. For example, Gutiérrez et al. synthesized porous carbon using p-toluenesulfonic acid and choline chloride in a molar ratio of 1:1 [88]. The DES used served as solvent and catalyst for the condensation of furfuryl alcohol, followed by carbonization resulting in the formation of pores. Oh et al

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• series of 3D self-standing electrodes [40][41][42][43] by depositing MOFs on biomass followed by either a carbonization or a phosphating step. These electrodes can be directly used as cathodes in Li–O2 batteries. In this work, the NiFe-PBA/pomelo peel (PP) precursors were prepared in a similar way as in

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• were submitted to carbonization under a N2 atmosphere at 1100 °C. The influence of the ordering and porosity of CGCNFs on their electrochemical performance was studied. The results showed that by adding deionized water to the spinning solution one could increase the number of mesopores and the specific

• surface area of CGCNFs, thereby significantly increasing their specific capacitance. In addition, the ordering of CGCNFs within the electrode improved the electron transfer efficiency, resulting in a higher specific capacitance. Keywords: carbon/graphene composite nanofibers; carbonization

• nanofibers have been widely used as a material to synthesize electrodes upon a carbonization step [13][14]. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is often used as a precursor to synthesize carbon nanofibers. It can be obtained from a variety of sources and it has good spinnability [14][15]. However, carbon-based materials

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• originating from adsorption inside micropores. Herein, two different types of HCs prepared with different procedures are compared regarding their morphological characteristics as well as their electrochemical properties. Six samples were prepared via hydrothermal carbonization (HT) followed by pyrolytic

• carbonization (HT carbons), and two samples were obtained from carbonized resorcinol–formaldehyde resins (RF carbons). The electrochemical sodium storage characteristics of the RF carbons were previously reported [28][29]. Characterization of hard carbons The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns consistently point

• the hydrothermal carbonization of saccharides [30][31]. Despite the slightly different preparation protocols, morphological differences between the hydrothermally obtained HCs are not significant (Figure 1). The two RF carbon samples showed well-defined monolithic macrostructures obtained by spinodal

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• . Carbonized PVDF/PAN CNFs have excellent mechanical properties due to the partial melting of PVDF after carbonization leading to point bonding. Therefore, blends of these two polymers were used as precursor for preparing the heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded CNF membranes (CNFMs) in our studies. In our previous

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• residuals to synthesize carbon nanoparticles by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), annealing at high temperature, and laser ablation (LA) in a NH4OH solution. The carbon nanoparticles synthesized with the HTC process (HTC-CDs) exhibit photoluminescent characteristics with strong blue emission. The annealing

• luminescence properties. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), which can be considered as a “green technology”, has been used to produce photoluminescent CDs from biomass, including glucose, sucrose, citric acid [19], chitosan [20], orange juice [21], grass [22] and soy milk [10]. For example, Sahu et al. [21

• producing biocompatible CDs from biomass and biowaste and manipulating their PL characteristics. It is worth mentioning that we [33] previously studied the electrochemical performance of carbon particles of micrometer size, which were synthesized from the soybean residuals via hydrothermal carbonization and

Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon

• Hyung Jun An,
• Jong Min Park,
• Nazmul Abedin Khan and
• Sung Hwa Jhung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 597–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.47

• synthesis, high conductivity and nitrogen content. Porous carbon materials, with high porosity and nitrogen content, have also been obtained from PANI. In other words, functional carbon, for catalysts and supercapacitors can be derived from high temperature carbonization of PANI, especially in the co

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• , prepared by hard-templating of meso-macroporous SiO2 monoliths, to the corresponding nanoscale polyaromatic microstructure using two different carbon precursors wthat generally exhibit markedly different carbonization properties, i.e., a graphitizable pitch and a non-graphitizable resin. The micro- and

• disorder in the material. That is, with increasing disorder of a material a higher micropore volume is expected. Because with higher carbonization temperature the graphene sheets as well as their stacking become more ordered, the meso/microporosity is expected to depend on the heat treatment temperature

• main approaches to influence the carbon structure are the choice of the carbon precursor and the applied heat treatment temperature for carbonization or graphitization. These two factors have the highest impact on the resulting sp2-hybridized microstructure. Since the porosity mainly consists of

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• results indicate an improved energy and power density and cycle stability of the corresponding ASC device (called NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA//AC). Results and Discussion The synthesis procedure of the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA composite is illustrated in Figure 1. First, CA was obtained by carbonization of the cellulose

• stirring for 20 min and then dripped into a small beaker and stored at 75 °C for 6 h to form hydrogels. Then, the produced hydrogels were kept in ethanol for 7 days, and subsequently dried under supercritical CO2 to obtain cellulose aerogel. Finally, CA was obtained by carbonization of the cellulose

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• microporosity of the materials is critical for an efficient ORR. Keywords: amorphous carbon; graphitized carbon; hydrothermal carbonization; nitridation; nitrogen doping; oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); porosity; Introduction Fuel cells and metal–air batteries are important renewable energy technologies

• , NCS-1000 = 240 ± 30 nm; g-NCS-550 = 255 ± 35 nm, g-NCS-1000 = 220 ± 30 nm). This is due to the carbonization and decomposition processes taking place at higher reaction temperatures, together with H2 etching as side reaction of the ammonia nitriding [34]. The elemental bulk composition of the NCSs and

• . The carbonization process of the carbon spheres involves the decomposition of the functional groups to gases such as CO2, H2O and CH4 [39]. Therefore, the carbon weight fraction of the elemental bulk composition increases constantly with higher reaction temperatures, whereas the hydrogen and oxygen

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• carbonization [49]. The utilization of a solvent in general has to be critically examined, since it has to be separated from the product, which is time-consuming and costly, and later on accumulates as waste that has to be reprocessed in an energy-intensive procedure. Furthermore, solvents can be hazardous to

• surface area of 950 m2·g−1, a total pore volume of 0.41 cm3·g−1 and a N content of 1.1 wt %. Please note, the nitrogen content decreased during the activation process and thus nitrogenous compounds must have been released from the polymer during carbonization. The further increase of the K2CO3 content

• -energy ball milling and carbonization of a mixture of PU foam as the carbon source and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) as an activation reagent to form nitrogen-doped porous carbon as an electrode material for supercapacitors. (A, C) Nitrogen adsorption/desorption (filled symbols/empty symbols) isotherms

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• uniform two-dimensional nanocarbon films, so-called carbon nanosheets, with ca. 10 nm thickness with dispersed nanopore structural motifs. The electrical conductivity of the transferred film was significantly increased after the thermal carbonization process. Nitrogen-doping was carried out simply by

• molecules. The one-dimensional carbon materials prepared through high-temperature carbonization of C70 crystalline assemblies showed high specific capacitances at a high current density and scan rate [243]. These nano-engineered one-dimensional carbon materials might be useful as electrode materials for

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• employed as a single-cell cathode [17]. The ORR activity of carbon-based catalysts can be substantially improved by their simultaneous doping with N and other elements. In 2007, we reported that carbon prepared by carbonization of a N- and B-doped furan resin exhibited an increased ORR activity in sulfuric

• , co-doping with P and N was found to be an effective way of increasing the ORR activity of carbon materials [22][23][24][25][26]. Most of the reported PN-doping techniques involve the carbonization of [N-containing polymer + P-containing compound] mixtures or of ionic liquids containing both N and P

• prepared by thoroughly rinsing P-series precursors with water to remove excess PA and subjecting them to carbonization at 1000 °C. The same operation was also performed for H-series precursors to afford HH-series carbon materials. The N2 adsorption isotherms are presented in Figure S5 (Supporting

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• ]. Our non-precious-metal ORR catalysts are based on carbon alloy catalysts (CACs) [29]. CACs are carbon-based catalysts with active sites consisting of mainly carbon atoms. The sites are constructed by controlling the crystallographic and chemical states of carbon atoms through careful carbonization

• . Controlling carbonization by metal catalysts such as iron or cobalt produces nanoshell-containing carbon (NSCC) with ORR activity [30][31][32][33][34][35]. This activity is thought to originate from surface defects formed on the nanoshell carbons, including edges and warped graphitic layers (WGLs) [31][36

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• interactions between phloroglucinol and the surfactant lead to the formation of hydrogen bonds to the polyethylene chains of the polymer. In this fashion the porogen initiates a porous structure. It will be removed during the subsequent carbonization step [25]. The new composite materials have great potential

• additional 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde was employed as a sulfur source. The carbon–carbon composite materials were synthesized by soaking the felts in a solution containing the aforementioned precursors. After thermopolymerization under air a subsequent carbonization step under protective atmosphere, in which

• content. Table 2 summarizes the elemental composition of the different felts. In accordance with our expectations the main component is carbon, followed by nitrogen and sulfur. The felts lose material during the carbonization step, and a trend can be observed that with increasing temperature the remaining

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• -doped biomass-derived carbon materials were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of glucose, and their textural and chemical properties were subsequently tailored to achieve materials with enhanced electrochemical performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction. Carbonization and physical activation

• to be an attractive alternative. In this context, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has appeared in recent years as an interesting strategy to obtain biomass-derived carbons due to its low cost and mild synthesis conditions, making the process environmentally friendly [34]. However, the main drawback

• of HTC is that the as-prepared hydrothermal carbon materials usually exhibit limited porosity and inadequate chemical properties for the ORR. To solve this problem, different strategies can be addressed: i) carbonization and activation methods to tailor the porosity and ii) the incorporation of