Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• extinction cross sections of aggregated structures [73]. This heating process is followed by a rapid cooling upon decay of the laser pulse after 10−6–10−4 s, leading to solidified spherical nanoparticles (Figure 3A) [72]. Based on this mechanism the available particle size may be controlled by the pulse

Nanocavity crossbar arrays for parallel electrochemical sensing on a chip

• Enno Kätelhön,
• Dirk Mayer,
• Marko Banzet,
• Andreas Offenhäusser and
• Bernhard Wolfrum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1137–1143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.124

• passivation layer is the access channel that connects the bulk reservoir on the chip surface to the nanocavity. b) Microscopic top view of a part of the array. c,d) Scanning electrochemical microscope images of FIB-induced cross sections of a nanocavity sensor before (c) and after (d) removal of the

• passivation layer that covers the whole device. The inter-electrode area is connected to the bulk reservoir via small access channels that interpenetrate the passivation layer and enable diffusive access to a bulk reservoir. An illustration of the sensor array and a top view microscopic image as well as cross

• sections of the nanocavity sensor, cut by a focused ion beam (FIB), can be found in Figure 6. Fabrication Devices are structured by means of optical lithography and are processed in class-100 cleanroom facilities. Nanocavities at the intersections between platinum electrodes are formed via the deposition

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• grey band centered at −40 nm in (b) and (c) shows the approximate PC substrate position and average titania roughness. Dependence of scratch resistance on sliding speed. a) AFM image of PC + TiO2 after scratching. b) Cross-sections of the scratches at three different velocities and constant load of 10

Designing magnetic superlattices that are composed of single domain nanomagnets

• Derek M. Forrester,
• Feodor V. Kusmartsev and
• Endre Kovács

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 956–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.109

• applied magnetic field Throughout we use the damping parameter equal to α = 0.01 and a large value of b (about 390) to confine the magnetic moments to move in the x–y-plane. We investigated nanomagnets with semi-major to semi-minor elliptical cross-sections of lx/ly ≈ 10. The external magnetic field in

Scale effects of nanomechanical properties and deformation behavior of Au nanoparticle and thin film using depth sensing nanoindentation

• Dave Maharaj and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 822–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.94

• operating pressure of about 0.001 Pa, substrate temperature of 100 °C at a rate of approximately 0.4 nm/s. To observe the grains within the Au film and nanoparticles, focused ion beam (FIB) milling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed. Cross-sections of samples were cut out by FIB

• milling (Nova NanoLab 600, FEI, Hillsboro, OR) by using a Ga+ ion beam accelerated at a voltage of 30 kV with currents ranging from 0.03 to 28 nA. A Pt coating was deposited on both sets of samples to protect the surfaces during milling. The cross-sections were then lifted out by using a micro manipulator

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• the cracked substrate. The cross-sections of fractured nanorods in Figure 2e and 2f clearly show NDs completely encapsulated into the nanorods. Also, from Figure 2e we can measure that the thickness of newly-grown ZnO layer over the side facets is about 120 nm. For nanoparticles of inorganic materials

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• until a repulsive force reached the set point value of 100 pN. The AFM images were taken over an area of 20 × 20 μm2 with 512 pixels per line. The scan rate was varied from 0.5 to 1.0 Hz depending on the cell type. Figure 2 shows the AFM topography, error signal, single cross-sections and the

• D, H, L, P and Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). Similarly to the AFM images the stress fibers are only visible in the non-malignant HCV29 cells and the cancerous T24 cells. The cross-sections along the marked lines on the AFM topography (Figure 2, panels C, G, K, and O) show the apparent

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• effect of the adsorbate layer on the total dipole moment and ΔμS indicates substrate effects. The color code denoting the different halogen atoms is the same as used in the previous figures. Cross sections of electron density difference ρdiff(r) at the surface. Solid-blue (dashed-red) contours denote

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• Scofield cross-sections [6] and the mean free path varying according to the 0.7th power of the photoelectron kinetic energy. Peak deconvolution was performed by using curves with a 70% Gaussian type and a 30% Lorentzian type, and a Shirley non-linear sigmoid-type baseline. The following peaks were used for

• essential parameters such as compounds energy band gaps and the Scofield cross sections were taken from [28] and [29] respectively. The very small CdS particles were observed for the 1×CdS/TiO2 and 3×CdS/TiO2 samples (smaller than 1 nm). In contrast, the 15×CdS/TiO2 sample (15 deposition cycles) showed the

Dye-doped spheres with plasmonic semi-shells: Lasing modes and scattering at realistic gain levels

• Nikita Arnold,
• Boyang Ding,
• Calin Hrelescu and
• Thomas A. Klar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 974–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.110

• threshold (leading to unphysical infinite scattering cross sections and a diverging gain [36][56]), nor does it have much of a physical meaning beyond the threshold in CW operation. However, a classical electromagnetic calculation with a Lorentzian gain is fully legitimate as long as the lasing threshold is

• from the “open sphere side”, i.e., in the (0,0) direction as depicted in Figure 1. In Figure 2d all three cross sections are compared for the specific sample with h = 20 nm, showing that the total extinction spectrum is dominated by the scattering. However, the most prominent resonances are seen in the

• of the full shell [57]. The lower right graphs are polar graphs of the differential scattering cross section. Figure 4 shows the extinction, scattering, and absorption cross sections of the h = 20 nm semi-shell structure for different illumination directions. The cross sections for the (0,0

Probing the plasmonic near-field by one- and two-photon excited surface enhanced Raman scattering

• Katrin Kneipp and
• Harald Kneipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 834–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.94

• intensities in order to compensate for the extremely small Raman cross sections. Enhancement of the near-field intensity is the key effect in surface enhanced Raman scattering. High local fields are generated by a redistribution of field intensities in the vicinity of a plasmonic nanostructure. This results

• vibrational levels in addition to the thermal population [20][33][39]. This results in an increase of anti-Stokes signals. In Figure 2c and Figure 2d, SEPARS can be observed due to highly localized and enhanced fields of silver nanoaggregates, which result in extremely high effective SERS cross sections. This

• Planck and Boltzmann constant, respectively. The first term in Equation 1 describes the anti-Stokes to Stokes signal ratio related to SERS vibrational pumping due to a strong Raman Stokes process. In “normal” non-resonant and also in resonant Raman scattering with cross sections on the order of 10−30 to

Simulation of electron transport during electron-beam-induced deposition of nanostructures

• Francesc Salvat-Pujol,
• Harald O. Jeschke and
• Roser Valentí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.89

• method for the simulation of radiation transport is a numerical means of solving the Boltzmann transport equation in an arbitrary geometry. The computer code system PENELOPE yields trajectories of primary and secondary particles according to state-of-the-art interaction cross sections on sample

• respective total cross sections σA and σB. The interactions of type A and B are sampled with the probabilities respectively, where σT = σA + σB is the total interaction cross section. The polar scattering angle θ and the energy loss W are sampled from a distribution with azimuthal symmetry, Finally, the

• azimuthal scattering angle is sampled from a uniform random number ξ as φ = 2πξ. The PENELOPE code [7] uses a relatively sophisticated interaction model that is devised for energies above a few hundred eV. Differential cross sections for elastic scattering were calculated with the state-of-the-art

Ellipsometry and XPS comparative studies of thermal and plasma enhanced atomic layer deposited Al₂O₃-films

• Jörg Haeberle,
• Karsten Henkel,
• Hassan Gargouri,
• Franziska Naumann,
• Bernd Gruska,
• Michael Arens,
• Massimo Tallarida and
• Dieter Schmeißer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 732–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.83

• areas of the Al–O contributions within the O1s and Al2p core levels (i.e., the contributions assigned to COO and OH groups were not considered). We used the element specific cross sections of 0.063467 and of 0.012295 for O1s and Al2p, respectively [28]. The resulting O1sAl–O/Al2pAl–O ratios are plotted

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• ). A roughness (RMS) of 28.9 ± 3.9 nm was determined for the MHDA-based structures, which is slightly rougher than the surrounding ODT SAM based areas with a roughness of 24.3 ± 3.1 nm. The cross sections in Figures 8e (along the red line in Figure 8d) and 8g (along the red line in Figure 8f) exhibit a

• structure shown in (b) with the corresponding cross sections in (e) and (g), respectively. Setup employed for the fabrication of MOF thin films with the spray method [39]. Acknowledgements The authors thank the DFG (SPP 1362) for financial support.

3D nano-structures for laser nano-manipulation

• Gediminas Seniutinas,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Gediminas Gervinskas,
• Etienne Brasselet and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 534–541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.62

• show a parallel processing route for the fabrication of 3D nano-well structures over large areas of cross-sections in the sub-mm range. We explore experimentally and numerically whether extraordinary transmission [16] can be controlled in terms of intensity and spectral width using such 3D nano-well

• periods was illuminated by a total-field/scattered-field (TFSF) source, in order to measure separately the total field in the central area, and the field scattered outside and to calculate the cross-sections. For the calculation of transmitted and reflected power by the substrate, the domain was changed

• structure, the spectral properties are not affected strongly and the transmission is reduced. The extinction cross-sections σext = σabs + σscat defined by the sum of absorption and scattering are shown in Figure 2b. The wavelengths of 760 and 808 nm are chosen for analysis of the light intensity

Apertureless scanning near-field optical microscopy of sparsely labeled tobacco mosaic viruses and the intermediate filament desmin

• Alexander Harder,
• Mareike Dieding,
• Volker Walhorn,
• Sven Degenhard,
• Andreas Brodehl,
• Christina Wege,
• Hendrik Milting and
• Dario Anselmetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 510–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.60

• the AFM topography. The marked areas are magnified for better visibility. All scale bars indicate 500 nm. aSnom data of fluorescently labeled desmin filaments. a) Combined fluorescence and topography dataset of wild type desmin. b) Fluorescence intensity cross sections of two adjacent fluorophores are

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• also provide an improved stability of the NGF cold cathodes. Taking into account that an electron emission from the nano-graphite flakes only occurs from small areas located on their edges, aspect ratios for emission sites are similar to that for CNT emitters. However, cross sections of the flakes are

The role of electron-stimulated desorption in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Thomas W. Hansen,
• Jakob B. Wagner and
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 474–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.56

• that it is still significant at energies used in FEBIP. This can be important to take into account when calculating parameters such as residence times, cross sections, etc. from the amount of deposited or etched material in FEBIP experiments. Conclusion The deposition rate of focused electron beam

Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO₂ photoelectrodes

• Alex Henning,
• Gino Günzburger,
• Res Jöhr,
• Yossi Rosenwaks,
• Biljana Bozic-Weber,
• Catherine E. Housecroft,
• Edwin C. Constable,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 418–428, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.49

• , appear for both samples and are visible as dark regions in the measurements. They are highlighted in the cross sections in the lower part of the image. Such a local work function shift can be attributed to local variations of chemisorbed contaminants resulting in a decrease of the local vacuum energy

Ni nanocrystals on HOPG(0001): A scanning tunnelling microscope study

• Michael Marz,
• Keisuke Sagisaka and
• Daisuke Fujita

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 406–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.48

• prevent uncontrolled pick-up of the clusters, resulting in roughly 30 min scanning time per image. Analysis of the STM data was performed by using the software Gwyddion (http://gwyddion.net/). In order to determine the cross sections parallel to the fast raster direction, raw data were used. The cluster

• dimensions were determined by fitting these cross sections with a rectangular function. After fitting a large number (79–150) of clusters randomly selected from several scanning areas for each experiment, height and width histograms were plotted (not shown). The resulting histograms showed a monomodal normal

• fitting cross sections, as described in the text. The error bars indicate the ±2σ confidence level. Additional data points are plotted with empty symbols in the graphs to point out the lack of statistics (less than 25 cross sections), accordingly the arithmetic mean value was calculated. The error bars

Optimal geometry for a quartz multipurpose SPM sensor

• Julian Stirling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 370–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.43

• torsional eigenfrequency into the gigahertz range, which is impractical. We instead will consider different rectangular cross sections for a 200 μm long silicon beam. A range of rectangular cross sections which would produce a normal spring constant of 2 kN·m−1 for a 200 μm long beam have been calculated

Guided immobilisation of single gold nanoparticles by chemical electron beam lithography

• Patrick A. Schaal and
• Ulrich Simon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 336–344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.39

• random height profiles along the cross-sections of the circular structures (Figure 6a). Figure 6b shows an exemplary height profile within the AFM measurement in Figure 6a. From the peak-to-peak distance in this height profile the spacing between the concentric rings can be determined. The average

Hydrogen-plasma-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy ordering in self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle monolayers

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Judith Meyer,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Irina Janzen,
• Dieter Akemeier and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 164–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.16

• cross sections revealed an unaffected particle shape. By comparison to numerical data obtained by solving the stationary micromagnetic equations, we proposed a model for the influence of the plasma treatment on the microscopic structure. The magnetocrystalline easy axes of individual particles align

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• ™ setup by using AR-iDrive-N01 (Asylum Research, USA) cantilevers. Scan rate was fixed to 0.1 Hz on a 90 μm × 90 μm area. The thickness of the film was calculated by using a cross-section profile on the AFM micrograph. Three different regions were scanned and up to five cross sections per image were used