On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• these two extremes, the peak shape evolves gradually, and while the 2D peak from bilayer graphene has been shown to comprise four components, deconvolution for higher layer numbers has not been reliably carried out. The spectrum recorded from flakes with ten or more layers is typically indistinguishable

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• may arise from strong associations between carrier and payload [57]. Without careful deconvolution, the scattering signal from a particulate analyte can readily result in a high bias that compromises UV–vis-based analyses. Ambiguity can further be enhanced in fluorescence assays because of the

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• types are observed from the deconvolution of the peaks shown in Figure 2A. They show an increase in binding energies evidencing the presence of C–OH, C–C, C–O–C, and C=O bonds in GO. The O 1s spectra of synthesized GO can be deconvoluted into three peaks, corresponding to contributions from carbonyl and

Quantitative dynamic force microscopy with inclined tip oscillation

• Philipp Rahe,
• Daniel Heile,
• Reinhard Olbrich and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 610–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.53

• tip sampling path. Therefore, one has to take into account that the inclined oscillatory motion of the sensor can invoke significant lateral movement of the tip when describing the Δf signal formation and force deconvolution. If the force field above the surface is homogeneous and isotropic with

• presented by the violet dotted curve in Figure 3e for α = 45°. Last, we note that lateral components are virtually absent for large tip–sample distances in this model, leading to a convergence of the Δf() curves in the regime ≫ 1 nm. Force deconvolution for the inclined sampling path The difference in the

• overlap of the tip sampling path segments for nearby positions along the data recording path. Therefore, the deconvolution using the known algorithms can be performed in the usual manner. Naturally, the result will not represent the perpendicular force but rather describes the force component along the

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• thorough shape analysis into the assessment of emerging platforms from the very onset of their expansion into the general nano-bio research. The solution-based corollary to dry-state imaging that can provide the above parameters is dynamic light scattering (DLS). DLS uses the deconvolution of a correlation

• , deconvolution is utilized (Supporting Information File 1) to extract relative subpopulation fractions (α1, α2) (Table S6). The HEM/HSA population with d1 = 97 nm comprises swollen individual SPNPs, while the second population with d2 = 455 nm may be attributed to transient or semi-transient clusters. When

• contribution to the properties of blended SPNPs appears to be eclipsed by the more hydrophobic HSA component. MUC/HSA SPNPs DLS and SEM results for MUC/HSA SPNPs are presented in Figure 4a. After deconvolution, the nDLS spectrum of MUC/HSA SPNPs displays a minor fraction (d1 = 30 nm, α1 = 0.07) and a dominant

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• are presented in Figure 4. The experimental curve can be deconvoluted in two peaks at 458.2 eV and 463.9 eV, with a splitting energy of 5.7 eV, what is characteristic for Ti4+ [28][29][30]. Deconvolution of the Eu 4d spectrum is complicated. As it can be seen in Figure 4, the sample includes both Eu3

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• absorption band related to the α phase centered at 763 cm−1, we estimated for the different samples a value of F(β) = (82 ± 3)%. The relatively large error is due to the uncertainty in the deconvolution procedure. From this estimation, and considering that the intensity of the β phase peaks remains

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• obtained in the measurement did not allow, however, for deconvolution of the pyrrolic N signal and the graphitic N signal for the fibres containing cobalt. Their spectra (see Supporting Information File 1) were thus fitted with only three peaks, considering the middle peak a mixed peak of pyrrolic and

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• spatial resolution and measurement sensitivity of the AM-KPFM can be increased by deconvoluting the capacitive couplings. Corrections to the measured CPD values are based on multi-capacitances description [51], point spread function deconvolution [47][52][53], electrodynamic models [54], and numerical

• calibrating the local CPD on sample regions of known surface potential. This simple and practical deconvolution increased the spatial resolution of the OL AM-KPFM at the level of an FM-KPFM method. The OL KPFM variant proposed here adds to a growing set of PFT-based platform techniques that includes

• with the same parameters as in Equation 3. For a reliable deconvolution of the cantilever contribution by either Equation 3 or Equation 4, fixed values or constraints must be applied on the two additional fit parameters CCF and CPDnon-local. These can come either from calculation or additional

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• sensor. The weighted average must also take into account the direction of the tip oscillation: where A is the oscillation amplitude. Extracting force and potential energy from the measured Δf is a complex inversion problem requiring deconvolution. Several deconvolution methods include a matrix inversion

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• –3800 cm−1 is a combination of a few overlapping components related to symmetric and antisymmetric H–O–H stretching, bending overtone, and free OH stretching vibrations [9]. Thus, a straight interpretation of the Raman spectrum of liquid water and its deconvolution is still a subject of discussion [9

• ][10][11][12]. The problem of the liquid water spectrum deconvolution is crucial, because the ratio of integral intensities of bands with maxima at approx. 3200 and 3400 cm−1 is regarded as a measure of the water supramolecular structure [13][14]. The component with a maximum at approx. 3200 cm−1 is

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• cannot be fully excluded. By considering simple geometrical aspects, one supports the idea that in a closed packed hexagonal arrangement of W3O9 there is not enough space left for an additional cluster in the center without overlapping. In order to exclude possible tip–surface deconvolution effects (e.g

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• interphase) cannot be distinguished, which was already reported by Cano Murillo and coworkers [19]. The histogram of Fattr at the bottom right of Figure 4d also shows two main peaks; however, an additional minor third peak emerges in between the main peaks. A deconvolution of the Fattr histogram with

• becomes even more evident when transferring the findings of the deconvolution of the Fattr histogram to the kr/Fattr diagram: epoxy (brown markers), int (light blue markers), PC (blue markers). As mentioned above, in this study we are only interested in the specificity of the parameter Fattr and

• , therefore, we accept the rather abrupt vertical divisions in the kr/Fattr diagram. By incorporating an additional deconvolution of the kr histogram this can be improved. In order to show these results in the spatial domain as a map (Figure 4e), the measuring points where Fattr did not provide unambiguous

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• . Therefore, the deconvolution of PL spectra cannot yield a unique defect emission model for ZnO. Second, the locations of defect structures are not easily distinguishable using PL spectroscopy. As a result, the combination of PL and EPR is a very powerful combination to get detailed information. Using EPR

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• core level spectrum of Fe 2p is presented in Figure 2b. On the deconvolution of Fe 2p3/2, peaks are observed at 710.4 and at 712.6 eV. The first peak can be attributed to Fe3+ in free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, whereas the second peak corresponds to Fe3+ in FeOOH [23], resulting from the adapted

• preparation method. Similarly, on the deconvolution of Mn 2p3/2 the peak at 641.3 eV corresponds to the binding energy of Mn3+ in manganite (MnOOH) (Figure 2c). The deconvoluted Mn 2p3/2 peak at 643.7 eV can be assigned to Mn2+, in accordance with the binding energy of Mn2+ in MnO, which is generally found at

• 641.5 eV. Therefore, it can be concluded that manganese exists as Mn2+ and iron exists as Fe3+ in free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. It is observed from the deconvolution of the O 1s peak (Figure 2d) that oxygen is present in three environments. The peak with the lower binding energy at 529.9 eV can be

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• instrument). Deconvolution of the N 1s XPS spectrum of Ni/CTF-1-600-22 reveals five peaks at about 398.5, 399.3, 400.6, 401.2 and 402.3 eV, which can be assigned pyridinic nitrogen, Ni-coordinated nitrogen, pyrrolic nitrogen, graphitic or quaternary nitrogen and oxidized nitrogen, respectively [26][48]. The

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• %). Schematic of the bandgaps of CDs under 360 nm excitation and the deconvolution bands (fitted with a two-Gassian function). FTIR spectra of soybean-derived carbon nanoparticles. (a) XPS survey spectra, (b) deconvoluted high-resolution spectra of O 1s, (c) deconvoluted high-resolution spectra of N 1s; and

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• to the existence of delocalized π electrons (conduction electrons) available for shake-up events following core electron photoemission (Thermo Fisher Scientific Avantage Data System 5.9904; Thermo Fisher XPS: Knowledge Base). In Table 1, the deconvolution fit for the C 1s and O 1s signals is also

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• support to the C 1s signal of the carbon-containing catalyst film. The spectra showed minor charging effects, which were compensated by a neutralizer (low-energy electron flood gun). The C 1s peak was set to 284.8 eV for binding energy calibration [50]. Evaluation and deconvolution of the measured signals

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• ), −96.8 ppm (A3) and at −103.8 ppm (A4) with calculated relative peak areas after deconvolution of 40, 40 and 20%, respectively (see Table 3). This is consistent with the structural data provided for ETS-10 in [23]. The two resonances at −95.1 ppm and −96.8 ppm are assigned to the Si bonded via O atoms to

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• as-grown structure. The first one corresponds to the (111) planes of SiGe and the second one to the (220) and (311) planes, which overlap indicating the presence of (nano)crystallites [22]. In Figure 1b, a deconvolution of diffractogram for the as-grown MLs was achieved using Origin software (ver

• photocurrent spectra of as-grown structure (SiGe via dcMS and HiPIMS) are shown in Figure 7a. Deconvolution was carried out to obtain the individual peaks. The observed peaks were assigned to interface related localized states (peak I), the photo effect from NCs (peak N) and capacitive coupling from Si

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• spectra (Figure 3b) of P-series precursors prepared at 500 and 700 °C were assumed to be a superposition of several peaks; the results of its deconvolution are also presented in Figure 3a,b. For example, the spectrum of P-500 was deconvoluted into peaks at 398.5, 400.5, and 402.5 eV, while that of P-700

• results of peak deconvolution by assuming the presences of the five species given in the legend. The P-species varied with the CPAT temperature. The ORR voltammograms of the precursors are presented in Figure S4 (Supporting Information File 1). Both H-series and P-series precursors showed increased ORR

• -series carbon materials (closed circles). N 1s spectra of (a) H-series and (b) P-series precursors. (c) P 2p spectra of P-series precursors. Results of deconvolution are also presented. Correlations between (a) N/C ratios of HH-series carbon materials and those of H-series precursors, (b) N/C ratios of

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• of the MoS2 sheets. Components originating from MoS2 and MoO3 were identified in the core-level Mo 3d spectrum (Figure 3). The positions of the individual components are in agreement with previous reports for MoS2 and MoO3 [37][38]. The deconvolution revealed that the MoO3 content was about ≈12 atom

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• (Figure 3c), the main peak at 103.47 eV is attributed to diatomite [29]. The Cl 2p spectrum (Figure 3d) shows peaks with a binding energy of 198.07 and 199.66 eV, which can be respectively ascribed to Cl 2p3/2 and Cl 2p1/2 [35]. The deconvolution of the O 1s spectrum (Figure 3e) shows four peaks located

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• series), and the blue line represents the heat-treated sample in a N2 stream (NNB). (c) Examples of the peak deconvolution of the 002 XRD profiles of the selected samples; ONB-3, ONB-1 and NB-ORG from top to bottom. The colors of the sub peaks indicate the differences of their origin. The green and blue