Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• organic solvents, active carbon species (radicals, permanent gases, degradation and condensation products as well as elemental carbon) were shown to form by various studies, conducting techniques such as gas-displacement quantifications and subsequent analysis via gas chromatography-coupled techniques [92

• constituting elements to carbon or carbon solubility [40][95][96]. Note that the degradation of solvent molecules is even higher for ps-LAL than for ns-LAL [54], meaning that the resulting structural differences in HEA NPs do not occur due to a higher availability of carbon. Diffusing carbon into a metallic

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• degradation may occur during nanoparticle fabrication via PLAL. To investigate molecular degradation, the prepared nanoparticles were dissolved in organic solvents and their visible to NIR absorption spectra were measured. The spectra agreed well with those of the raw material compounds, confirming that at

• least no organic compounds with absorption in the visible and NIR regions were formed as degradation products. Furthermore, since phthalocyanines and porphyrins are molecules with excellent light and heat resistance, molecular degradation was considered negligible in this study. To evaluate the

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• to the biological activity of boron released from hBNs, potentially originating from boric acid, a degradation product of hBNs [67][68]. Although hBNs are chemically stable under neutral conditions, Şen et al. have shown that hBNs synthesized from boric acid slowly degraded in oxidative and

• mechanism in which ROS plays a critical role in the mineralization process in osteoblasts [63]. In addition, the slow degradation of hBNs, resulting in the release of boric acid, a boron compound that supports the osteogenic response, may further contribute to the increase in calcium deposition by inducing

• . Additionally, the slow degradation of hBNs, releasing boric acid – a compound known to support osteogenesis – further contributed to the increase in calcium deposition by interacting with cellular pathways [78][79]. The study also highlighted the potential of hBNs to significantly enhance cell migration under

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• swelling, degradability, self-repairing ability, and reworkability. It is anticipated that this will contribute to a number of research fields, including polymer degradation and recycling, the extension of the lifespan of polymer materials, the development of adhesive polymers for specific applications

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• of the sample was lost. This T5% value was used as a parameter to define the onset of thermal degradation of the material. The residue value (R) was also recorded following thermogravimetric analysis. The Tmax1 value, indicating the temperature at which the fastest mass loss occurs, was determined

• , indicating that such a low concentration of CNTs in PBS has minimal impact on its heat resistance. The thermal resistance of CNTs is 638.9 °C. Thermal degradation of the CNT sample begins at a temperature of 500 °C, with a mass loss of 0.4% at this temperature (Figure 3). Therefore, this temperature was

• results: degradation temperatures and residue contents of PBS, PBS/CNT composites, and CNTs. Thermal transitions of PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5 nanocomposite obtained from DSC analysis. Tribological and physical properties of PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5 nanocomposite. Tensile test results for PBS and PBS/CNT_0.5

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• stability test, the RESR value of this ASC was found to be 2.6 Ω. However, the RESR value was increased to 3.2 Ω after the stability test, and this is mostly owing to the deformation and degradation of the electrode material during the electrochemical progression. Conclusion A green synthetic method was

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• revealed that the diamond faces are sufficiently flat and show no signs of thermal degradation. In the annealed Ni-PCD film, the crystallites have a rougher surface. SEM images do not allow for a definite confirmation of whether sp2 carbon is present on the surface, even near defective states, partly due

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• in ion fluence, F(R) of the films increases (Figure 10). This points towards the degradation of the crystal quality of ZnO films with disordering of atoms and defects in the films. This causes an increased absorption of UV and visible light. Moreover, additional peaks are observed, centered at around

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• iron oxyhydroxide core being in direct contact with saline may undergo through decomposition/degradation process. From the superparamagnetism theory, the maximum temperature observed in the ZFC dependence is closely linked to the mean value of the particle diameter in the grain nanosystem [45], and

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• of CrCl3 [2], which can be easily exfoliated and exhibits a slower degradation rate compared to CrI3 or CrBr3[3]. To fully exploit the potential of any material, a detailed understanding of its electronic and structural changes arising from intrinsic and extrinsic defects is crucial [4]. Despite this

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• , while formulations containing other ionizable lipids are less affected. Conclusion Heat treatment of FCS negatively affects uptake and transfection efficacy of D-lin-DMA-MC3 containing LNPs. This effect is caused by heat induced degradation/aggregation of ApoE. This implies that heat inactivation of FCS

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• nutraceuticals aiming at solubility enhancements. However, current discontinuously operated fragmentation setups suffer from chemical degradation by multipulse laser excitation at high fluence and do not allow for systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanisms. In this work, continuous-flow microparticle

• yield of submicrometer particles and nanoparticles was quantified using UV–vis extinction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analytical centrifugation, while high-performance liquid chromatography determined degradation. We found improved fragmentation efficiency at lower mass

• concentrations. In all experiments, chemical degradation was minimal (<2%), and increased mass concentration of curcumin enabled ultralow by-product formation of 0.01%. The process selectivity against degradation was defined by the application-relevant descriptor of mole degradation per produced submicrometer

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• materials. This damage can be mitigated by using low energy focused ion beams, which allow for higher currents, faster processing speeds, and reduced sample degradation [14]. This thematic issue also includes studies on soft DNA origami nanostructures, showcasing methods to preserve their integrity during

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• were comparable to those made of sericin in their ability to promote cell attachment, physiological morphology, and growth. These findings support the idea that fibroin extracted with sericin is a suitable matrix for cell and tissue growth [98]. Silk implants with slower degradation rates or those

• placed in soft tissues often provoke a stronger immune response than implants that degrade quickly or are used in hard tissues. The physiological response to implanted silk material depends on several factors, including the material’s format, degradation rate, and implantation site [99]. In vitro studies

• showed that various proteases, such as protease K, collagenase, and α-chymotrypsin can degrade silk, resulting in a gradual reduction in material strength and weight over time [100]. In vivo, silk degradation is also affected by the β-sheet content; scaffolds that have a high concentration of β-sheets

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• flat pre- and post-absorption edge features, lacking the typical wavy nature. However, direct evidence for the degradation of the Zn2SiO4 phase cannot be conclusively determined from the O K edge spectrum; this information is more clearly discernible from the Zn L3,2 edge, as illustrated in Figure 4b

• , further supports these findings. The correlation between core-level spectroscopic techniques and X-ray diffraction patterns reinforces the conclusion that electronic energy loss from oxygen ions leads to partial degradation of the Zn2SiO4 crystalline structure, diminishing local pressure on the CdO

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• prospective substitute for tungsten in plasma-facing components of fusion devices. Klaver et al. [19] investigated the impact of irradiation with low-energy helium ions on the physical properties of molybdenum thin films. Ono et al. [20] studied the degradation of the optical characteristics of single- and

• , the peak intensity of implanted Mo films decreases in comparison to the as-deposited Mo films of the same nominal thickness. This reduced intensity of diffraction peaks is attributed to amorphization and degradation of the structure by N2+ implantation. However, the peak intensity of the as-deposited

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• activity and immune-related adverse effects, limiting their clinical application [12][13]. Antisense oligonucleotide-based therapies have garnered great attention as precision disease treatments because of their increased target specificity and resistance to nuclease degradation, as well as enhanced

• into three generations based on their structural modifications (Figure 1) [17]. First-generation ASOs are characterised by having an altered phosphate backbone. This chemical modification increases their stability against nucleases, extending their half-life, and promotes the degradation of transcripts

• target messenger RNA (mRNA). This reduces immune-related adverse events and toxicity while keeping increased resistance to nuclease degradation. In second-generation ASOs, the structural modifications are not limited to the phosphate linkage; the molecules also possess alkyl substitutions at the 2

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• lysosomes results in a very low LC3 content in autolysosomes due to subsequent degradation of LC3 by lysosomal enzymes [65]. Therefore, the endogenous GFP-LC3 is visualized as a diffuse cytoplasmic pool or punctate structures and could be used for the selective quantification of autophagosomes, thus

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• partial degradation of the proteins [33]. In this study, FE-SEM analysis further confirmed that one of the mechanisms by which BerNPs kill S. mutans involves the disruption and damage of the bacterial membrane. Inhibition of biofilm formation Streptococcus mutans is the primary cause of dental caries [34

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• studies and sustainable technologies, this study presents new insights into the complex relationship between contaminants and catalytic degradation processes. Compared to single and binary photocatalysts, modified ternary composites were found to have superior photodegradation performance under visible

• light exposure. To be specific g-C3N4-based ternary photocatalysts exhibited more than 90% degradation of tetracycline and sulfamethazine antibiotics within one hour of irradiation. This study addresses the antibiotic degradation efficiency during photocatalytic processes and suggests new approaches to

• improve the performance and scalability for wider use in real-world situations. Keywords: antibiotics; degradation pathways; heterojunctions; mechanisms; photocatalysts; semiconductor; Introduction Antibiotics are chemical substances used to treat bacterial infections in humans, animals, aquaculture

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• to changes in the structure of RNA, protein chromatin structure, gene expression and replication, and synthesis and repair of DNA [30]. It has also been shown that TMZ has radiosensitizing effects [31][32], increasing the degradation of DNA strains and cell death when combined with RT, which is a

• . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to prolong the half-life of TMZ at physiological pH and to increase its accumulation in the tumor cells prior to degradation in the central circulation. Several strategies have been exploited to stabilize TMZ and overcome the disadvantages. Among them is the

• ). Carbon-based TMZ carriers with a favorable release profile have been prepared considering the importance of controlled and sustained drug release to prevent fast TMZ degradation, postsurgical sensitization on radiotherapy, less frequent drug administration, and improved risk/benefit ratio in patients

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• a troubling and progressive increase in land degradation, primarily caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. This issue is compounded by the growing population and the subsequent increase in food demands, leading to widespread consequences such as the loss of soil biodiversity, pollution

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• collapse of these VNBs transform thermal energy into mechanical forces, such as jets and acoustic shock waves, enabling cellular or tissue treatment with minimal thermal damage. Currently, VNBs are being explored for applications in cancer cell eradication [51], harmful protein aggregate degradation [52

• neuropathy [125][126]. Currently, ocular drug delivery is the prevalent treatment approach; however, it faces challenges due to drug degradation and obstacles in drug diffusion, rendering the therapy less effective [127][128]. Therefore, ocular drug delivery systems capable of controlled and sustained drug

• explanations of material size, structure, dosage, and administration methods [215]. During treatment, processes such as nanoparticle aggregation, material degradation, cellular uptake/excretion, and unintended release of adsorbents require comprehensive safety analysis. In inorganic photothermal nanomaterials

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• oxidation, extraction, and biodegradation [4]. Unfortunately, these methods exhibit inefficiencies due to the generation of secondary pollution and high operational costs. Biological and anaerobic degradation of dyes may yield carcinogenic by-products [4][5], highlighting the significant challenge in