Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• grains are embedded in a carbon-rich, poorly conducting matrix. In consequence, the electrical conductivity of as-deposited Pt-based FEBID structures usually is in the high-ohmic or even the insulating regime while that of as-deposited Co-FEBID structures is at least one order of magnitude lower than

Electron-stimulated purification of platinum nanostructures grown via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Kevin Lester,
• Harald Plank and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 907–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.94

• -deposited diffraction pattern exhibits broad diffraction rings characteristic of small grain size and possibly disorder due to high carbon content. The diffraction peaks narrow as grain size increases after curing. Grain coarsening is commonly associated with an increase in electrical conductivity of the

Morphology control of zinc oxide films via polysaccharide-mediated, low temperature, chemical bath deposition

• Florian Waltz,
• Hans-Christoph Schwarz,
• Andreas M. Schneider,
• Stefanie Eiden and
• Peter Behrens

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 799–808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.83

• this step, the film is covered by a dense layer of ZnO. This optimized procedure leads to ZnO films with a very high electrical conductivity, opening up interesting possibilities for applications of such films. The films were characterized by means of electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and

• measurements of the electrical conductivity. Keywords: chemical bath deposition; hyaluronic acid; polysaccharide; transparent conductive oxide; zinc oxide; Introduction Zinc oxide is a unique material with a number of interesting properties such as piezo- and pyro-electricity [1][2], high optical

• films with more strongly intergrown crystals, thus enhancing the electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Therefore, we have undertaken the study presented here, where ZnO films were prepared in a three-step process: a seeding step, followed by two CBD steps (Figure 1). In the first of the two

Applications of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Francesco De Nicola,
• Ilaria Cacciotti,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Emanuela Gatto,
• Mariano Venanzi and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 792–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.82

• -sustaining assemblies that show high porosity [3], structural stability, and good electrical conductivity [4] are the best candidates for environmental applications such as filtration [5], separation [6], biological sensors [7], and oil-spill remediation [8] but also as mechanical actuators [9], catalytic

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

• ] and therefore a more detailed investigation of carbon chains. The study of the electrical conductivity has been motivated by measurements on chains of metal atoms that showed quantized conductance [24]. Carbon chains have been subject of numerous theoretical studies since more than a decade

• conditions very unlikely. The research concentrates therefore on isolated chains. Their outstanding mechanical and electronic properties, as theoretical work predicts, are still waiting for experimental confirmation. Preliminary experiments [23] do not confirm the predicted electrical conductivity. No

Fundamental edge broadening effects during focused electron beam induced nanosynthesis

• Roland Schmied,
• Jason D. Fowlkes,
• Robert Winkler,
• Phillip D. Rack and
• Harald Plank

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.47

• . To confirm the finding of a non-conductive outer halo, another current cross section on the insulating SiO2 substrate is shown in Figure 4c (along the lower dotted line in Figure 4a) also revealing electrical conductivity only for the central deposit (white area). From this data we can conclude that

• and functionality. The latter describes the electrical conductivity and is derived from combined C-AFM and KFM measurements. The absolute values for halo heights and functional radii might slightly change for different precursor regime conditions but show the same qualitative scaling behavior. The

Electrical response of liquid crystal cells doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

• Amanda García-García,
• Ricardo Vergaz,
• José F. Algorri,
• Xabier Quintana and
• José M. Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 396–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.39

• carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the possibility of reorienting them with external fields [3][4][5][6]. The interest to control this reorientation arises from the possibility of preparing simple devices whose electrical conductivity can be externally controlled and modulated [5][6][7][8][9]. Due to their

• electrical conductivity. An apparently obvious condition for this effect to be detected is that electrical continuity must be kept across the LC cell. The alignment layers deposited on the plates to induce the LC orientation are usually made of non-conductive organic polymers. This issue has not always been

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• [175]. Chemically or cryo-fixed tissue sections are often sputter-coated, i.e., covered with a thin layer of conductive material, for example, gold [176], to enhance the electrical conductivity of the specimen [177]. As an alternative, no coating of the specimen is required when working with low

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• strength (due to C–C sp2 bonds, which is one of the strongest bonds), flexibility without breakage or damage, high elasticity, good electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. These cylindrical graphene nanotubes are considered one of the most attractive nanomaterials. Applicability of CNTs in the

Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review

• Wei Liu,
• Christofer Hierold and
• Miroslav Haluska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2202–2215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.229

• mechanical properties [1][2][3] as well as thermal and electrical conductivity [4][5], enabling ballistic charge carrier transport up to the microscale at room temperature [6][7]. The emergence of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) using SWCNTs as the device channel provides a possible

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• diameter and chiral angle. These parameters are in turn determined by the magnitude and the direction of the chiral vector [2], and their influence is clearly expressed in the electrical conductivity of the CNTs: SWCNTs can be either metallic or semiconducting [3], while MWCNTs show only metallic behaviour

• [54], in hyperthermia therapy for tumours [55][56], in tissue engineering [57], for in vivo [58] and in vitro [59] imaging. The electrical conductivity of CNTs lies at the foundation of the proposal for employing CNTs as smart-scaffolds for excitable cells such as neurons [60] and cardiac cells [61

• with TiN or Au electrodes, but also compared to pure PEDOT electrodes. The interpretation of this phenomenon can most likely be found in the conductivity of the meshwork of CNTs, which enhances the electrical conductivity of the whole composite. Furthermore, PEDOT–CNTs-electrodes demonstrated excellent

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• in crystalline Si, for instance by phosphorous or boron, to confer good electrical conductivity to an otherwise poor insulator. In the same way, doping NCs will play an analogous role in future artificial solids or meta-materials made of wave-function engineered particles. Although many promising

Experimental techniques for the characterization of carbon nanoparticles – a brief overview

• Wojciech Kempiński,
• Szymon Łoś,
• Mateusz Kempiński and
• Damian Markowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1760–1766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.186

• Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, Poznań, 61-614, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.5.186 Abstract The review of four experimental methods: X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance and four-point electrical conductivity measurements is presented to characterize carbon nanoparticles

• carriers within the nanoparticles, which can be observed with the EPR technique. This in turn can be well-correlated with the four-point electrical conductivity measurements which directly show the character of the charge carrier transport within the examined structures. Keywords: carbon nanoparticles

• to control the charge carrier transport (“tunable electrical conductivity”) was shown in porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with adsorbed guest molecules [9]. It was also shown that by appropriate choice of guest molecules, it is possible to control the charge (spin) transport in the nano

Nanocrystalline ceria coatings on solid oxide fuel cell anodes: the role of organic surfactant pretreatments on coating microstructures and sulfur tolerance

• Chieh-Chun Wu,
• Ling Tang and
• Mark R. De Guire

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1712–1724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.181

• less interconnection of metal particles and therefore to a decrease of the electrical conductivity of the anode. This would be expected to result in loss of power over time, e.g., increased ASR. The ceria coatings could not suppress nickel coarsening indefinitely. The coatings were readily observed

Growth and structural discrimination of cortical neurons on randomly oriented and vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube networks

• Christoph Nick,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Ravi Joshi,
• Christiane Thielemann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1575–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.169

• interest in the biomedical community since they have outstanding potential as a substrate for growing different cell type materials [6][7][8]. Due to their very good electrical conductivity they are a promising substrate for neuron growth as well as for biocompatible electrode materials to record and/or

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• still maintaining a high electrical conductivity. In this way, Joule heating, which is an irreversible process, is reduced and, furthermore, high electrical currents can be delivered to the external load. In this review, first of all the general principles of thermoelectricity will be summarized

• properties of the electrical and thermal transports are resumed by two thermoelectric equations: In these equations, the current density J is related to the electric field ε and to the field generated by the temperature gradient S∂T/∂x, because of the electrical conductivity of the material, σ. The heat flux

• the two heat sources TH and TC: η = ΔT/TH, i.e., the Carnot limit. The development of a good thermoelectric material should aim to obtain a factor Z = S2σ/kt as high as possible: A good thermoelectric material should have high Seebeck coefficient S and electrical conductivity σ, and small thermal

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

The study of surface wetting, nanobubbles and boundary slip with an applied voltage: A review

• Yunlu Pan,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1042–1065, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.117

• streaming potential will apply an electrical force on the liquid in the opposite direction of the flow resulting in a decrease of the flow velocity. The electrical force, which is related to the streaming potential and electrical conductivity of the flow, can be considered a drag force [58][59][60][61][62

• the electrical conductivity of the fluid. The electrical field can be given as Then the modified Navier–Stokes equation can be rewritten as Combining Equation 14, Equation 16 and Equation 23, we can get: and Next we define the volumetric flow rate as In this study, DI water, which can be considered as

Integration of ZnO and CuO nanowires into a thermoelectric module

• Dario Zappa,
• Simone Dalola,
• Guido Faglia,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Matteo Ferroni,
• Caterina Soldano,
• Vittorio Ferrari and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 927–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.106

• synthesized and preliminarily investigated as innovative materials for the fabrication of a proof-of-concept thermoelectric device. The Seebeck coefficients, electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power factors (TPF) of both semiconductor materials have been determined independently using a custom

• ) performance of a material, including the thermal conductivity κ, the electrical conductivity σ and the Seebeck coefficient S. Further, the efficiency of a thermoelectric device depends on the thermoelectric power factor (TPF) and the figure of merit (ZT) of the material, which are defined as S2σ and S2Tσ/κ

• thermoelectric devices. In particular, metal oxide nanowires are low-dimensional structures showing very promising and exciting properties. As a result of their large degree of crystallinity, they exhibit excellent thermal stability at high temperature and good electrical conductivity, leading to enhanced TPF

A visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst of TiO₂ nanotube arrays and graphene quantum dots

• Donald K. L. Chan,
• Po Ling Cheung and
• Jimmy C. Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 689–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.81

• attention due to its large specific area, high intrinsic electron mobility and good electrical conductivity [3]. As an excellent electron acceptor, graphene has been combined with semiconductor photocatalysts such as TiO2 [25], ZnO [26] and CdS [27] to enhance their photocatalytic activities. However

Tensile properties of a boron/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid structure

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Ye Wei and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 329–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.37

• emission device when compared to the previous CNT–bulk-metal structures [6]. The hybrid structure extends the excellent thermal and electrical conductivity of CNT (1D) and graphene (2D) into three dimensions [7], and shows appealing applications in solar cells [8]. Furthemore, according to Fan et al. [9

Noncontact atomic force microscopy II

• Mehmet Z. Baykara and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 289–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.31

• microscope (AFM), which was invented only a few years after the introduction of the STM, overcame this fundamental limitation and was used with great success to image a number of sample surfaces with nanometer resolution without limitations associated with electrical conductivity. However, unlike the STM

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• ] atoms has been frequently used to enhance or tune their physicochemical properties. Among the elemental dopants, nitrogen emerges as of particular interest in electronics since N-CNTs should be characterized by a higher electrical conductivity (n-doping). Consequently, the significance of N-CNTs in a

• composites of enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity [18][19], superhydrophobic surfaces [20], separation membranes [21] and sensors [22]. As for aligned N-CNT arrays, to mention the most recent and prominent applications, they have shown to be suitable catalysts for the reduction of oxygen in alkaline

In situ growth optimization in focused electron-beam induced deposition

• Paul M. Weirich,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Christian H. Schwalb and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.103

• % [16]. Changes of the precursor flux and the partial pressure of water in the residual gas also influence the final composition and increases the extend of tungsten oxidation in the deposit [15]. With regard to the electrical conductivity of the deposits, a key quantity in many applications of FEBID

• changing the deposition parameters. Here, we present a first implementation of such a feedback control mechanism and employ an evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA) for the in situ optimization of the electrical conductivity of nanostructures that are prepared by FEBID [17]. By using the time gradient of the

• should depend on the electron dose rather than on parameters such as dwell-time or pitch for post-irradiation of samples at fixed dose. Conclusion In this work we presented the application of an evolutionary GA for the in situ optimization of FEBID nanostructures with regard to their electrical