Optimization of phase contrast in bimodal amplitude modulation AFM

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli,
• Amir F. Payam and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1072–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.108

• kinetic energy distribution among the excited modes. However, the maximum contrast is obtained for a situation that minimizes the kinetic energy of the second mode with respect to the other two (Figure 8c). We also observe that the maximum contrast happens for an amplitude ratio about 0.5. This is far

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

• Alexander Samardak,
• Margarita Anisimova,
• Aleksei Samardak and
• Alexey Ognev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 976–986, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.101

• penetrate the resist via forward scattering at small angles, which broadens the primary beam size (Figure 4a). The energy distribution of electrons in Figure 4b shows that the central part of the resist is overexposed. Afterwards, the electrons enter into the Si substrate, where they collide with the nuclei

• illustrated with results from Monte Carlo simulations, as presented in Figure 4 and Figure 10. There are no significant differences in the energy distribution of electrons penetrating the resist for the Si substrate (Figure 4b and Figure 10a,b). However, for the Au substrate (in the case of a 10 kV

• on 200 nm Au-coated substrates, respectively. (b,d) Electron energy distribution at 10 keV incident energy in a 75 nm thick PMMA layer on bulk Si and 200 nm Au-coated substrates, respectively. Trajectories that leave the sample represent backscattered electrons. AFM images of the ring, patterned on

In situ observation of biotite (001) surface dissolution at pH 1 and 9.5 by advanced optical microscopy

• Chiara Cappelli,
• Daniel Lamarca-Irisarri,
• Jordi Camas,
• F. Javier Huertas and
• Alexander E. S. Van Driessche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 665–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.67

• the existence of a surface energy distribution. In agreement with the above consideration the variability of biotite reactivity is an intrinsic factor of its crystalline anisotropy, i.e., surface energy variance, and thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy, are not representative of the

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• LaB6 source is set by its operation temperature, reaching 1900 K at a current of 2.12 A. Figure 5a shows the energy distribution of the electron source at the SPELEEM instrument for an operation current of 1.75 A. In order the determine the emitter characteristics, we fitted the experimental data

• superimposed onto the photograph. X-rays arrive from the right at 16° grazing angle to the sample surface. a) The energy distribution of the electron beam emitted from the LaB6 source acquired by keeping the sample below the MEM transition using a negative start voltage bias. The intensity-vs-energy curve is

Antimicrobial nanospheres thin coatings prepared by advanced pulsed laser technique

• Alina Maria Holban,
• Valentina Grumezescu,
• Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu,
• Bogdan Ştefan Vasile,
• Roxana Truşcă,
• Rodica Cristescu,
• Gabriel Socol and
• Florin Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 872–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.99

• nanosphere thin film deposition, the energy distribution of the laser spot was improved by using a laser beam homogenizer. During the deposition, the target was rotated with 0.4 Hz to avoid target heating and subsequent drilling. All depositions were conducted at room temperature under 0.1 Pa background

Fabrication of carbon nanomembranes by helium ion beam lithography

• Xianghui Zhang,
• Henning Vieker,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 188–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.20

• times smaller than the corresponding electron irradiation dose. Most likely, this is due to the energy distribution of secondary electrons shifted to lower energies, which results in a more efficient dissociative electron attachment (DEA) process. Keywords: carbon nanomembranes; dissociative electron

• excitation by electrons at 100 eV, the energy distribution of secondary electrons shows a peak at about 5 eV [27]. It is known that secondary electrons at energies well below the ionization threshold could produce single strand and double strand breaks in DNA and thus induce genotoxic effects in living cells

• , this is due to the energy distribution of helium ion excited secondary electrons being shifted to lower energies. Experimental Preparation of self-assembled monolayers For the preparation of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol (NBPT) SAMs we used a 300 nm polycrystalline Au layer with (111) crystal planes

Quantum size effects in TiO₂ thin films grown by atomic layer deposition

• Massimo Tallarida,
• Chittaranjan Das and
• Dieter Schmeisser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 77–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.7

• with the substrate and the decreased ligand-field, which eventually modifies the Ti 3d/O 2p hybridization (defined by the pdσ parameter) because of the modified energy distribution of d-orbitals. Another way to consider covalency in the framework of atomic multiplets is related to the calculation of

Simulation of electron transport during electron-beam-induced deposition of nanostructures

• Francesc Salvat-Pujol,
• Harald O. Jeschke and
• Roser Valentí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.89

• affecting the substrate. A similar analysis has been carried out in [13]. Experimentally, similar conclusions were drawn from current measurements [25]. Figure 5a displays the energy distribution of electrons that backscattered and emitted per incoming electron from the substrate, (darkest curve) and from

• dWCO = 100 nm and dWCO = 200 nm, in which electrons are very unlikely to even reach the substrate, in accordance with the discussion of Figure 3. It is interesting to note that the intensity in the energy distribution of backscattered electrons increases with the sample thickness. Indeed, on the one

• the atomic number of the deposit material, the simulation was repeated while replacing the deposit with Co, a comparatively lighter material (Z = 27). Figure 5b displays the energy distribution of backscattered electrons for different Co-nanodeposit thicknesses, dCo. Notice that the increase in the

Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles

• Simon Dickreuter,
• Julia Gleixner,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Elke Scheer and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 588–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.66

• ., ablation threshold) without near-field enhancement to one with a scattering nanostructure present during illumination (nanoscale ablation threshold). This route requires the precise knowledge of the fluence distribution of the illuminating laser spot. When a well-defined function describing the energy

• distribution of the laser spot is known, the determination of the local fluence is reduced to a measurement of the distance from the beam center in combination with a measurement of the total energy of the illuminating laser pulse. For a Gaussian intensity distribution on the sample surface, a simple method to

Hydrogen-plasma-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy ordering in self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle monolayers

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Judith Meyer,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Irina Janzen,
• Dieter Akemeier and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 164–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.16

• randomly oriented cubic anisotropy, Kc = 30 kJ/m3. For each subplot, the upper part shows the in-plane magnetic component (color-code: disc) and the lower the out-of plane component (color-code: cone). The surfaces in the upper right corner of subplots (b) and (c) represent the angular energy distribution

• of 18 nm and a saturation magnetization of MS = 900 kA/m. Subplots show different anisotropy scenarios: (a) amorphous, (b) uniaxial and (c) cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The surfaces in the upper-right corner of (b) and (c) represent the angular energy distribution of the respective anisotropy

Transmission eigenvalue distributions in highly conductive molecular junctions

• Justin P. Bergfield,
• Joshua D. Barr and
• Charles A. Stafford

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 40–51, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.5

• used in all calculations. As indicated by the figure, the Tr{Γ}/6 distribution is roughly four times as broad as the charging-energy distribution. This fact justifies the use of the ensemble-average matrix for transport calculations [2], an approximation which makes the calculation of thousands of

Uniform excitations in magnetic nanoparticles

• Steen Mørup,
• Cathrine Frandsen and
• Mikkel Fougt Hansen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 48–54, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.6

• uniform precession states in nanoparticles [19][20][21][22]. In inelastic neutron studies of magnetic dynamics of ferrimagnetic particles one can measure the energy distribution of neutrons that are diffracted at a scattering angle corresponding to a magnetic diffraction peak. This energy distribution is

• usually dominated by a large peak at zero energy, due to elastically scattered neutrons. The energy difference between neighboring precession states in the uniform mode results in satellite peaks in the energy distribution at energies ±ε0. These peaks are associated with transitions of the type n0 → n0