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Search for "ethanol" in Full Text gives 606 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

  • Maria Jose Morilla,
  • Kajal Ghosal and
  • Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

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  • drugs with low molecular weight, such as Doxil® (for delivery of doxorubicin) launched in 1995, DoceAqualip® (for delivery of docetaxel, devoid of polysorbate-80 and ethanol) launched in 2014, Onivyde® (for delivery of irinotecan) launched in 2015, and Vyxeos® (for synchronous delivery of cytarabine and
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Published 27 Mar 2024

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

  • Leo Sala,
  • Agnes Zerolová,
  • Violaine Vizcaino,
  • Alain Mery,
  • Alicja Domaracka,
  • Hermann Rothard,
  • Philippe Boduch,
  • Dominik Pinkas and
  • Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

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  • at least 10 s at a distance of 0.2 mm. A volume of 1 μL of a 6 nM DNA origami solution was then dropped onto the Si chips together with 15 μL of 10× FOB and allowed to incubate for 1 h over an ethanol bath. The surfaces were thoroughly washed with at least 1 mL of 50% ethanol and then dried carefully
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Published 12 Feb 2024

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

  • Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
  • Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
  • Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

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  • antioxidant levels R. sativus plants treated with 1000 mg/L of ZnO NPs were selected for further biochemical testing. Determination of total carbohydrate content in leaves The leaf samples (50 mg) were separately homogenized with 5 mL of 80% ethanol and extracted by boiling in a water bath at 95 °C for 10 min
  • [60]. The ethanol extracts of the samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was analyzed for carbohydrate content by the phenol-sulfuric method [61]. Determination of pigment content in leaves Fresh leaf samples (50 mg) were obtained, and chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b
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Published 23 Jan 2024

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

  • Jonatas L. Duarte,
  • Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
  • Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
  • Rafael Miguel Sábio,
  • Gabriel Davi Marena,
  • Tais Maria Bauab,
  • Cristiane Duque,
  • Vincent Corbel and
  • Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

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  • ethanol (50:50 v/v), pH 5.5. 1 mL of the formulations was used, as allowed by the Franz cell. The acceptor solution was constantly agitated at 300 rpm using mini-magnetic agitators. The temperature was maintained at 37 ± 2 °C by utilizing a circulating heating bath in the jacketed cells. The evaluation of
  • ), solvent control (5% ethanol, SC), and NE control (Cym-B and Myr-B). Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy of (A) Cym-NE and (B) Myr-NE. The in vitro drug release of nanoemulsions (Cym-NE, Myr-NE) and free terpenes (Cym-Sol and Myr-Sol). Kaplan–Meier survival curve of G. mellonella exposed to (A) Cym
  • -Sol, (B) Myr-Sol, (C) Cym-NE, and (D) Myr-NE; DC: death control (100% methanol); SC: solvent control (ethanol 5%); TC: trauma control. Hydrodynamic diameter, PdI, and zeta potential of Cym-NEs.a Hydrodynamic diameter, PdI and zeta potential of Myr-NEs.a In silico molecular/physicochemical properties
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Published 18 Jan 2024

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

  • Eloïse Equy,
  • Jordana Hirtzel,
  • Sophie Hellé,
  • Béatrice Heurtault,
  • Eric Mathieu,
  • Morgane Rabineau,
  • Vincent Ball and
  • Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

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  • . Experimental Synthesis Reagents Dopamine (DA) hydrochloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and used without purification. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhBITC), hydrochloric acid 37% (wt/v), absolute ethanol and Hellmanex® were
  • suspension was finally deposited on a glass slide and covered by a glass coverslip, both previously washed using 0.2% Hellmanex® cleaning solution and ethanol in an ultrasonic bath. After complete drying (15 min), 8 µL of mounting medium (ProLong™ Diamond, Molecular Probes™) was deposited on the dry drop of
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Published 22 Dec 2023

Spatial variations of conductivity of self-assembled monolayers of dodecanethiol on Au/mica and Au/Si substrates

  • Julian Skolaut,
  • Jędrzej Tepper,
  • Federica Galli,
  • Wulf Wulfhekel and
  • Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1169–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.97

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  • substrates were used directly out of the box without any further cleaning steps. Au/Si was additionally cleaned by boiling in acetone followed by ethanol for 20 min under a fume hood. It was then dried in a glovebox in N2 atmosphere, exposed to ozone to remove organic contaminants, and finally rinsed with
  • warm ethanol. DDT SAMs were deposited onto these substrates by immersing them in a 10 mM solution of DDT in ethanol with subsequent incubation for 24 h. After transfer into a glovebox, the samples were rinsed with ethanol and dried. To improve the order of the SAMs, they were again immersed in 10 mM
  • DDT/ethanol solution and heated to ≈80 °C for 1 h. After gradual cooldown, the samples were again rinsed and dried in N2 atmosphere in the glovebox. The obtained samples were studied using a commercially available JPK NanoWizard® 3 AFM setup. The setup has been upgraded by a CAFM tip holder with an
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Published 05 Dec 2023

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

  • Nittiya Suwannasom,
  • Netsai Sriaksorn,
  • Chutamas Thepmalee,
  • Krissana Khoothiam,
  • Ausanai Prapan,
  • Hans Bäumler and
  • Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

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  • mV were prepared. The CUR loading efficiency was up to 65%. A maximum release of 37% of the encapsulated CUR was observed within 6 h when the CUR-HSA-MPs were dispersed in 50% ethanol in PBS at pH 7, while in RPMI 1640 medium the release was 7%. This demonstrates a sustainable release. The in vitro
  • cells [34]. Thus, submicron particles offer potential in the development of CUR delivery systems. The photophysical properties of CUR, HSA-MPs, and CUR-HSA-MPs in ethanol solution were evaluated. CUR exhibited the maximum emission at 545 nm, while CUR-HSA-MPs exhibited the maximum emission at 540 nm
  • release of CUR for 6 h. The cumulative release of CUR was 35% when dispersed in 50% ethanol in PBS at pH 7, and 7% when dispersed in RPMI 1640 medium. However, the release in PBS (pH 7.4) was less than 1% after 96 h, as shown in Figure 5. Sustained release is a desirable property in the treatment of
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Published 21 Nov 2023

Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli

  • Lany S. Araujo-Yépez,
  • Juan O. Tigrero-Salas,
  • Vicente A. Delgado-Rodríguez,
  • Vladimir A. Aguirre-Yela and
  • Josué N. Villota-Méndez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91

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  • rosemary essential oil. Ethanol used during synthesis acts as a cosurfactant. Because of its amphiphilic properties with a hydrocarbon chain and a hydroxy group it can reduce the interfacial tension between the two immiscible phases [39][40]. The size of the NCMPs depends on the concentration of eucalyptus
  • %, CAS number: 10102-17-7), hydrochloric acid (HCl, ACS reagent, 37%, CAS number: 7647-01-0), triethanolamine ((HOCH2CH2)3N, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%, CAS number: 102-71-6), ethanol (CH3CH2OH, CAS number: 64-17-5), and polyethylene glycol (PEG, H(OCH2CH2)nOH, Wt: 6000, CAS number: 25322-68-3), were acquired
  • equilibrium (Equation 1). Synthesis of nanocomposites Solutions of ethanol/essential oil were prepared using oil concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%. Subsequently, the previously synthesized sulfur nanoparticle solution was added (Table 4). Finally, 1 mL of 1% PEG was added to each solution as
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Published 17 Nov 2023

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

  • Doan Nhat Giang,
  • Nhat Minh Nguyen,
  • Duc Anh Ngo,
  • Thanh Trang Tran,
  • Le Thai Duy,
  • Cong Khanh Tran,
  • Thi Thanh Van Tran,
  • Phan Phuong Ha La and
  • Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

Graphical Abstract
  • ), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 99%, Xilong Scientific), copper(II) nitrate pentahydrate (Cu(NO3)2·5H2O, 99%, Xilong Scientific), sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich Chemistry), ethanol (C2H5OH, 99.5%, Chemsol), and acetone (CH3OCH3, 99.7%, Chemsol). Synthesis process The synthesis
  • process of the ZnO NRs was presented in a previous paper [63]. At the beginning, ZnO NPs (5% dispersion in ethanol) were spin-coated onto cleaned glass substrates at 3000 rpm for 30 s. Then, the sample was heat-treated at 90 °C. ZnO NRs were grown by a hydrothermal method from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and HMTA (1:1
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Published 13 Oct 2023

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

  • Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
  • Víctor Oestreicher,
  • Martín Mizrahi and
  • Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

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  • applications of great interest. Experimental Chemicals Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2·6H2O), aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3·6H2O), urea, and ethanol (EtOH) were purchased from Honeywell. All chemicals were used as received. Milli‐Q water was obtained from a Millipore Milli‐Q equipment. Synthesis
  • corresponding structure. Microscopy Sample preparation The dried solids were suspended in ethanol and drop cast onto Au TEM grids covered with a lacy carbon film, and the solvent was left to evaporate. SEM samples were prepared from the same solution after 5 min of ultrasonication. The sonicated suspension was
  • spin-coated on a Si wafer (3000 rpm, 40 s), washed with ethanol and dried afterward. For AFM, the samples were diluted in ethanol and drop-cast on a Si/SiO2 wafer. Si/SiO2 wafers were washed by spin-coating ten droplets of acetone and ten droplets of isopropanol prior to sample deposition. Scanning
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Published 11 Sep 2023

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO2: A review

  • Ha Huu Do and
  • Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

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  • . Subsequently, multiple electron transfers occur, leading to the generation of diverse products such as ethanol, methanol, and methane [5][6][7]. Therefore, to reduce the activation energy and to improve selectivity, the meticulous consideration of catalysts becomes imperative [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16
  • Cu-MOFs for CO2 reduction [47]. The study revealed that HKUST-1 showed the highest performance with a FE of 15.9% at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 for methanol and ethanol formation. In particular, FE(methanol) is 5.6% and FE(ethanol) is 10.3%. This result can be explained by two reasons. On the
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Published 31 Aug 2023

Green SPIONs as a novel highly selective treatment for leishmaniasis: an in vitro study against Leishmania amazonensis intracellular amastigotes

  • Brunno R. F. Verçoza,
  • Robson R. Bernardo,
  • Luiz Augusto S. de Oliveira and
  • Juliany C. F. Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.73

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  • -cost topical treatment. Experimental SPIONs The SPIONs used in the present study were synthesized as described in [9] (patent application registration BR 10 2020 015814 [36]). For assays, after synthesis and purification, the SPIONs were dispersed in a 70% ethanol solution (Merck, Germany). The maximum
  • ethanol concentration in cultures did not exceed 0.5%, which did not interfere with cell growth. The nanoparticles used in the biological tests were stored at −20 °C. Ethics committee for the use of laboratory animals The assays that used mammalian macrophages and parasites from animal models were
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Published 30 Aug 2023

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

  • Phommachith Sonexai,
  • Minh Van Nguyen,
  • Bui The Huy and
  • Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

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  • in this work. The wafer was divided into 1 × 1 cm2 pieces, which were then cleaned with an ultrasonic cleaner in acetone (20 min), ethanol (15 min), and deionized water (10 min). The wafer pieces were oxidized in hot Piranha solution (45 mL of H2SO4/15 mL of H2O2) for 5 min. To perform metal-assisted
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Published 21 Jul 2023

In situ magnesiothermic reduction synthesis of a Ge@C composite for high-performance lithium-ion batterie anodes

  • Ha Tran Huu,
  • Ngoc Phi Nguyen,
  • Vuong Hoang Ngo,
  • Huy Hoang Luc,
  • Minh Kha Le,
  • Minh Thu Nguyen,
  • My Loan Phung Le,
  • Hye Rim Kim,
  • In Young Kim,
  • Sung Jin Kim,
  • Van Man Tran and
  • Vien Vo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 751–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.62

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  • Chemicals The chemicals, including germanium oxide (GeO2) (99.99%) from Sigma-Aldrich and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (35–37%), magnesium powder (Mg) (99.95%), ethanol (C2H5OH) (99.5%), and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (85%) from Xilong, China, were used without further purification. Banana peels were collected
  • out according to our previous work [33]. Ge and BC-800 at a mass ratio of 2:5 (approximate to that estimated from the Ge/C-750 precursor) were added to a mixture of ethanol and DI water at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). The dispersion was well stirred in a Teflon beaker, transferred into an autoclave, and held
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Published 26 Jun 2023

Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

  • Mattia da Lisca,
  • José Alvarez,
  • James P. Connolly,
  • Nicolas Vaissiere,
  • Karim Mekhazni,
  • Jean Decobert and
  • Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

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  • reach a higher doping level around 2.5 × 1019 cm−3. Before starting the KPFM analysis, the sample was cleaved, and a surface cleaning was carried out to expose a clean cross section. We performed a chemical treatment based on sequential ultrasonic baths of acetone, ethanol, and deionized water. The
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Published 14 Jun 2023

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

  • Sanju Tanwar,
  • Aditi Sharma and
  • Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

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  • Fisher chemicals. Malathion (C10H19O6PS2) was obtained from Insecticides India Limited. Disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4·H2O), monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ethanol (C2H5OH), and isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O) were procured from Rankem chemicals. Nafion (C9HF17O5S) and activated charcoal
  • sonicated in ethanol and rinsed with DI water to remove surface impurities. The GQDs-based ink was prepared in a glass vial with four components, that is 15 mg activated charcoal as a conductivity enhancer, 15 mg GQDs as modifying agent, 25 µL Nafion as binder, and 1 mL isopropyl alcohol as solvent. All
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Published 09 Jun 2023

The microstrain-accompanied structural phase transition from h-MoO3 to α-MoO3 investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction

  • Zeqian Zhang,
  • Honglong Shi,
  • Boxiang Zhuang,
  • Minting Luo and
  • Zhenfei Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 692–700, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.55

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  • at 120 °C for 12 h. The white precipitate was centrifuged (4000 rpm, 10 min) and washed with deionized water/ethanol three times. Finally, the precipitate was collected and dried at 70 °C for 6 h. The collected precipitate was divided into two parts. One was finely powdered and used as the sample for
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Published 07 Jun 2023

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

  • Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
  • Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
  • Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

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Published 01 Jun 2023

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

  • Evghenii Goncearenco,
  • Iuliana P. Morjan,
  • Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
  • Florian Dumitrache,
  • Elena Dutu,
  • Monica Scarisoreanu,
  • Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
  • Alexandra Sandulescu,
  • Crina Anastasescu and
  • Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

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  • nanoparticles with dimensions of 40–80 nm, whose number increases with increasing the working pressure. The photocatalytic properties have been investigated regarding the photodegradation of ethanol vapors in Ar with 0.3% O2 using P25 powder as reference under simulated solar light. During the irradiation H2
  • gas production has been detected for the samples from series “b”, whereas the CO2 evolution was observed for all samples from series “a”. Keywords: ethanol; H2 production; laser pyrolysis; photocatalyst; TiO2 nanoparticles; Introduction Semiconductor materials are widely used, from electronic
  • found that TiO2 shows a high photocatalytic efficiency in the decomposition of pollutant substances such as dye wastewater [8][9][10][11], soiling [12], and harmful organic materials [13][14][15]. Also, TiO2 powders show promising results for the decomposition of ethanol in various environments [16][17
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Published 22 May 2023

SERS performance of GaN/Ag substrates fabricated by Ag coating of GaN platforms

  • Magdalena A. Zając,
  • Bogusław Budner,
  • Malwina Liszewska,
  • Bartosz Bartosewicz,
  • Łukasz Gutowski,
  • Jan L. Weyher and
  • Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 552–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.46

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  • solution of 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (pMBA, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in ethanol, then thoroughly washed with ethanol and dried in the air. The detailed procedure of applying the analyte on the SERS substrate was described elsewhere [37]. The enhancement factors (EFs) for all GaN/Ag substrates were
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Published 03 May 2023

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

  • Tiago Amarante,
  • Thiago H. R. Cunha,
  • Claudio Laudares,
  • Ana P. M. Barboza,
  • Ana Carolina dos Santos,
  • Cíntia L. Pereira,
  • Vinicius Ornelas,
  • Bernardo R. A. Neves,
  • André S. Ferlauto and
  • Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

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  • thermogravimetric analyzer. The system was monitored until the complete evaporation of the liquid, resulting in the curves shown in Figure 5a. The thermal behavior of acetone, chloroform, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol exhibits significant similarities with the electrical curves presented in Figure 3a, especially
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Published 26 Apr 2023

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

  • Celia Martín-Morales,
  • Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
  • Pilar Aranda and
  • Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

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  • bioactivity. Thus, the encapsulation efficiency is improved compared to the approach using a direct contact of cells in a silica matrix. Encapsulated yeast produced ethanol over a period of several days, pointing out the useful biocatalytic potential of the approach and suggesting further optimization of the
  • has been studied, the poor performance in terms of desired features for a biophotocatalytic application (poor transparency and reduced long-term biological or physical stability) has led us to discard them from a more intensive study. Ethanol production of encapsulated yeast The biological production
  • of ethanol from the biohybrid yeast–silica-based materials has been qualitatively studied to assess the biocatalytic potential of the system. One of the key aims of our research is to study whether an encapsulation system can be used to easily recover secreted metabolites of interest from outside the
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Published 25 Apr 2023

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

  • Manuela Rebora,
  • Gianandrea Salerno,
  • Silvana Piersanti,
  • Alexander Kovalev and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

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  • buffer, dehydrated in ascending ethanol concentrations, and finally embedded in an Epon-Araldite resin mixture (Sigma-Aldrich). Afterwards, ultrathin sections were cut using a Leica EM UC6 ultramicrotome (Leica Microsystem GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany), collected on formvar-coated copper grids, and examined
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Published 17 Apr 2023

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

  • Santiago Grijalvo and
  • Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

Graphical Abstract
  • [51]. Several PLGA-based products have been released to the pharmaceutical market (e.g., Lupron Depot®) [1][25][29][52]. Fornaguera et al. [53] produced nanoemulsions from a mixture of poly(oxyethylene)(20) sorbitan monooleate (Polysorbate 80) as surfactant, a 4 wt % solution of PLGA in ethanol/ethyl
  • wt % PLGA in ethyl acetate/ethanol) (O) system were functionalized with a cell-penetrating peptide (Tat) using carbodiimide chemistry [57]. The hydrodynamic diameter ranged from 48 to 65 nm depending on the Tat fraction. The functionalized nanoparticles showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on Hela and
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Published 13 Mar 2023

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

  • Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

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  • of ethanol. Although SiBP contains an N-terminal serine and two arginine residues, it does not contain histidine, aspartic acid, or another residue that can act as a H bond acceptor for serine. However, serine residues can form hydrogen bonds among themselves. Therefore, one can speculate that a
  • properties of the SiBP are shown in Table 1. Synthesis of SiO2 particles The particles were synthesized based on the method described by Stöber and co-workers [42]. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA) was used as the precursor, a 1:1 mixture of ethanol/deionized water was used as
  • the solvent, and NH3 (Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc, Waltham, MA, USA) was used as the catalyst. Briefly, the Stöber process involves hydrolysis of an alkoxysilane precursor, such as TEOS, in alcohol (typically methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst. This is followed by ethanol or water
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Published 28 Feb 2023
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