Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• , microemulsion and inverse microemulsion, hydrothermal method, seeding, sonoelectrodeposition, and coprecipitation can be implemented for the synthesis of nanoparticles [98]. In the context of cancer treatment, nanoparticles promote enhanced biocompatibility, reduced toxicity, and increased stability and

• for therapeutic applications [138]. Organic solvents, ionic liquids, inorganic strong alkalis and acids, enzymes, and hydrothermal treatment are used to obtain polysaccharide nanoparticles [139]. Consequently, polysaccharide-containing nanoparticles offer an alternative for cancer treatment, promoting

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• solution into a gel, enabling precise compositional control and producing homogenous metal oxides suited for photocatalytic applications [74]. Hydrothermal synthesis uses high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous environments to yield well crystalized particles with controlled morphologies, while co

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• charge carriers, which severely restrict its PEC performance [10][11][12]. Various strategies have been explored to overcome these challenges and optimize the structural, electronic, and surface properties of BiVO4 [13][14]. Hydrothermal synthesis has been used to produce highly crystalline BiVO4 films

• with large surface areas; for instance, Yun He et al. [15] reported flower-like BiVO4 photoanodes achieving a photocurrent density of 0.81 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. However, the hydrothermal method often requires high temperatures and prolonged reaction times, and offers limited control over film

• ) was benchmarked against similar studies employing hydrothermal synthesis, direct electrodeposition, and BiOI-derived conversion methods. As summarized in Table 2, our sample achieved a photocurrent density of 1.2 mA·cm−2 at 1.23 V vs RHE, which is comparable to or better than the values reported for

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior

• for supercapacitor applications. In another work, Mn3O4 nanograins-intercalated rGO NC was synthesized through the MW-assisted hydrothermal approach, which showed superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity [11]. Aside from the oxides, mixed metal sulfides are likewise reported to be combined

• irradiation of constant power for a fixed time duration was applied to form the NC. It is evident that the NCs of Fe2O3 and graphene materials are usually synthesized through hydrothermal/solvothermal processes. In this aspect, a comparative study of a few ternary NCs based on Fe2O3 and graphene materials is

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• and coworkers prepared Ni/NiO nanosheets via a hydrothermal process and annealing, which gave a high HER efficiency [18]. Wang et al. found that Ni metal plays a crucial role in NiOx-based material for water electrolysis [19]. However, using chemical methods to fabricate Ni/NiO-based nanomaterials is

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• performance by first fabricating amorphous iron oxide films on normal glass substrates by spray pyrolysis followed by heating in sulfur atmosphere at 350 and 400 °C [20]. For pyrite film fabrication, solvothermal or hydrothermal and chemical synthetic routes are generally adopted [21][22][23]. Henríquez et al

• . reported the synthesis of single-phase FeS2 thin films using a combination of electrochemical and hydrothermal techniques. The electrodeposition was performed in a nonaqueous electrolytic bath consisting of diethylene glycol [24]. Among the deposition techniques, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a cost

• ][27][28]. In previous reports on pyrite thin films produced by EPD, Duan et al. deposited pyrite powder created using the sol–gel hydrothermal technique onto ITO substrates [29]. There are no other reports on the deposition of pyrite films using electrophoretic deposition. Spin coating is another thin

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• temperatures of 550–650 °C [13]. Also, CNFs were produced by loading a stainless-steel autoclave with 7.50 mL of diethyl ether and a solution containing 1.00 g of zinc powder and 0.50 g of iron powder. The sealed autoclave was heated to 650 °C and kept overnight for the hydrothermal reaction. After cooling to

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• elements, as well as the Si/Al ratios for the obtained materials are shown in Table 1 and/or Figure 3. The Si/Al ratio shows no significant change (Table 1), indicating a high degree of stability for the clinoptilolite–heulandite and mordenite phases after the applied hydrothermal treatments. Additionally

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• advanced methods, including sol–gel, hydrothermal, solvothermal, precipitation and template-assisted techniques [53]. The synthesis method chosen often depends on factors such as the desired crystal structure, particle size, surface area, and photocatalytic activity required for the specific application

• pore sizes, fast charge transfer, high density and long lifetime of photoinduced charges, and strong interaction between ZnO and N,O-containing biochar [81]. Roy and colleagues [82] effectively synthesized a rGO-ZnO composite functionalized with ferrocene through a simple hydrothermal method. This Fc

• , attributed to the increased specific surface area and absorption capacity. Using a one-step hydrothermal process, Wu et al. [69] synthesized Bi-bridged Z-scheme BiOCl/Bi2O3 heterojunctions. The constructed binary photocatalysts exhibited 94.79% TC degradation efficiency owing to the enhanced separation of

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• microorganisms. Nanomaterials, particularly nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), have garnered attention for sustaining rhizobacterial viability, high loading capacity, high biodegradability, and biocompatibility, which facilitate microbial interactions. In this study, nHA was synthesized using a hydrothermal method and

• productivity. Results and Discussion Synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite The synthesis of nHA was effectively achieved through a hydrothermal method, conducted at a temperature of 230 °C for a duration of 48 h. The resultant nHA material was obtained in the form of white powder. The formation of nHA occurred

• (Tb) are gram-positive rhizobacteria with rod-like morphology, as illustrated in Figure 10. Conclusion Nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) was synthesized successfully using a hydrothermal method, and XRD analysis confirmed its alignment with the ICSD standard #154781. The measured crystal size of nHA was 34.27

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• -circuit current density (JSC) of 13.26 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 66%. The PCE is close to that of the Pt-based counter electrode (PCE = 6.86%). Akman [3] used hydrothermal methods to synthesize the photoanodes with different doping sources to further improve the stability of DSSCs. For 1.0 mol

• nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal process, and it was found that they had a larger saturation magnetization [27]. Simulation results yielded PCEs of over 26%, but there are still challenges associated with the application of DPSCs [28]. Results and Discussion In this simulation study, Cu2O and

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• desired morphology is essential for a given application. Generally, practical techniques for obtaining nanomaterials are sol–gel method, chemical and physical vapour deposition, hydrothermal method, ball milling, grinding, lithography, etching, and laser ablation [14][15][16][17][18]. The morphology

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

• The-Long Phan,
• Le Viet Cuong,
• Vu Dinh Lam and
• Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

• thermal sublimation [18][23], thermal evaporation [21], hydrothermal method [31][32][33], and other facile chemical/physical routes [34]. The changes in fabrication and processing conditions will influence the shape and size of ZnO nanostructures. When using CVD, vapour sources can be Zn powder or a

• , respectively. Meanwhile, their thickness is less than 50 nm. Apart from these sheets, we have also collected images of sheets glued with long nanorods that grew along the sheet width, named S2 in Figure 5c. Such two-dimensional structures of ZnO are different from those prepared by hydrothermal process [46

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• , Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.110 Abstract In this study, we aimed to synthesize new carbon dot structures (CDs) in a single step by using the plant Rheum Ribes for the first time and to contribute to the studies in the field of diode fabrication by using the new CDs. The CDs were obtained by hydrothermal

• nanostructures are obtained by using small nanoscale blocks. The hydrothermal synthesis method, which is a bottom-up method, is generally used in the synthesis of CDs. A very wide range of source materials, simple reaction equipment, and easy control of reaction conditions are the features that make this method

• switching speed and low forward voltage [14]. In this study, CDs were synthesized in a single step by hydrothermal synthesis using Rheum Ribes, a natural material, for the first time, and diodes were fabricated using the new CDs. To our knowledge, studies on diodes with CDs obtained from natural materials

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• 17104, Korea 10.3762/bjnano.15.74 Abstract A facile approach was employed to fabricate MIL-100(Fe) materials from Fe2O3 nanoparticles through a conventional hydrothermal reaction without the presence of HF and HNO3. Effects of trimesic acid content in the reaction system on the quality and CO2/N2

• . Importantly, this route opens a new approach to utilizing Fe2O3-based waste materials from the iron and steel industry in manufacturing Fe-based MIL-100 materials. Keywords: CO2/N2 separation; Fe2O3 nanoparticles; hydrothermal reaction; IAST-predicted CO2/N2 selectivity; MIL-100(Fe); Introduction Metal

• using metallic iron and iron salts, along with HF and HNO3, in a conventional hydrothermal reactor operated at high temperatures [9][10]. While HF and HNO3 improve yield and quality of MIL-100(Fe), they are harmful to the environment because of their toxicity and corrosiveness. As a result, scientists

Intermixing of MoS₂ and WS₂ photocatalysts toward methylene blue photodegradation

• Maryam Al Qaydi,
• Nitul S. Rajput,
• Michael Lejeune,
• Abdellatif Bouchalkha,
• Mimoun El Marssi,
• Steevy Cordette,
• Chaouki Kasmi and
• Mustapha Jouiad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 817–829, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.68

• to degrade 10 mg/L of MB [23]. Moreover, when MoS2 is mixed with SnO2, the MB photodegradation reaches up to ≈99.5% within 5 min. This rapid degradation occurred when 400 mg/L of the catalyst was used to degrade 3.2 mg/L of MB [24]. These results concerned materials fabricated using the hydrothermal

• . Those authors have used other mixed composites such as MoS2-GO and MoS2-ZnO prepared by the hydrothermal [22][23] method with photocatalyst loading of 10 to 100 mg, which is ten to hundredfold higher than the ones used for the current PD study. Furthermore, this study allowed higher stability of the

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• . This study introduces an innovative approach to mitigate water pollution through the synthesis of nanomaterials using biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from grape pomace and watermelon peel. Utilizing the hydrothermal method at temperatures between 80 and 160 °C over periods ranging from 1 to

• quantum dots (CQDs) through a hydrothermal method using biomass from watermelon peels and grape pomace. This method is chosen for its ease of production, low cost, and scalability. We aim to evaluate the potential of CQDs as catalysts in the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in

• top-down approaches such as arc discharge and laser ablation, and bottom-up methods such as hydrothermal and microwave synthesis [7][22] Biomass sources for CQD synthesis include eggshells, papaya peel, and lemon peel [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Applications

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

• Monika Ozga,
• Eunika Zielony,
• Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
• Anna Wolska,
• Marcin Klepka,
• Marek Godlewski,
• Bogdan J. Kowalski and
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

• and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50–370 Wroclaw, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.15.62 Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the influence of repeating cycles of hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing (HT+RTA) on the properties of CuO thin films. An innovative

• hydrothermal method ensures homogeneous single-phase films initially. However, their electrical instability and susceptibility to cracking under the influence of temperature have posed a challenge to their utilization in electronic devices. To address this limitation, the HT+RTA procedure has been developed

• devices. Keywords: CuO; hydrothermal method; rapid thermal annealing; thin films; Introduction Copper(II) oxide is a p-type semiconductor possessing a narrow bandgap, along with many beneficial electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Particularly at the nanoscale, these properties set themselves

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of uric acid and hypoxanthine at a TiO₂/graphene quantum dot-modified electrode

• Vu Ngoc Hoang,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Le Vu Truong Son,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Vo Thang Nguyen,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Ly Hoang Diem,
• Kieu Chan Ly,
• Ho Sy Thang and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 719–732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.60

• storage derived from their conjugate structure makes them effectively utilizable over the full light spectrum [13][14]. GQDs can be prepared through solvothermal/hydrothermal processes or carbonization from suitable organic molecules (polymers or biomass) [15]. Biomass waste (e.g., agricultural residues

• electrodes used in electrochemical analysis. To the best of our knowledge, there are only few reports on TiO2/GQDs for electrochemical analysis. In the present work, TiO2/GQDs were prepared from coffee grounds and peroxo titanium complexes by a hydrothermal process. The simultaneous determination of URI and

• synthesized in a hydrothermal process. 0.25 g of TiO2 and 12.5 mL of 10 M NaOH were mixed under ultrasonic stirring. The suspension was then transferred to a teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated to 130 °C for 10 h. The resulting white solid was separated by centrifugation and rinsed several times

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• when combined with RF hyperthermia. Using these CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs combined with RF, hyperthermia is a candidate method for the targeted treatment of HCC via combined chemotherapy/hyperthermia. Results and Discussion Characterization The Fe3O4 NCs were prepared by a microwave hydrothermal synthesis method

• Shanghai Zhongqiao Xinzhou Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Preparation of Fe3O4 NCs Fe3O4 NCs were synthesized using a microwave hydrothermal synthesis method with a computer microwave ultrasonic synthesis/extraction instrument (XH-300A+, Beijing Xianghu Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• hydrothermal method was reported [7]. The effect of oleylamine concentration on the physicochemical properties of CF synthesized via a solvothermal process has been presented [8]. However, ferrites exhibit self-agglomeration due to their magnetic nature. Combining different functional materials to prepare

• this study, we describe an eco-friendly facile hydrothermal method to prepare magnetic CF/GQDs nanocomposites. The CF nanoparticles, 8–10 nm in diameter, were highly dispersed in a graphene quantum dot matrix and directly formed at 200 °C. Stacking GQDs sheets onto the CF nanoparticles resulted in CF

• CF/GQDs synthesized at hydrothermal temperatures of 140, 180 and 200 °C are shown in Figure 4a–c. The morphology reveals that CF/GQDs consist of heavily agglomerated particles, several hundreds of nanometers in diameter, because of their magnetic nature. Figure 4d and Figure 4e present the TEM images

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• photodetector based on CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs). CuO NPs were loaded onto ZnO NRs by a cost-effective, simple hydrothermal method at low synthesis temperature [38]. The CuO/ZnO photodetector was characterized, and its sensitivity was evaluated regarding visible-light wavelengths

• process of the ZnO NRs was presented in a previous paper [63]. At the beginning, ZnO NPs (5% dispersion in ethanol) were spin-coated onto cleaned glass substrates at 3000 rpm for 30 s. Then, the sample was heat-treated at 90 °C. ZnO NRs were grown by a hydrothermal method from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and HMTA (1:1